What Was the Great Vowel Shift

The Great Vowel Shift was a series of systemic changes in the pronunciation of English vowels that occurred in southern England during the late Middle English period (roughly the period from Chaucer to Shakespeare). According to linguist Otto Jespersen, who coined the term, The great vowel shift consists in a general raising of all long vowels (A Modern English Grammar, 1909).  In  phonetic  terms, the GVS involved the raising and fronting of the long, stressed monophthongs.   Other  linguists have challenged this traditional view.  Gjertrud Flermoen Stenbrenden, for example, argues that the concept of a GVS as a unitary event is illusory, that the changes started earlier than has been assumed, and that the changes . . . took longer to be completed than most handbooks claim (Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1050-1700, 2016).   In any event, the Great Vowel Shift had a profound effect on English pronunciation and spelling, leading to many changes in the correspondences between vowel letters and vowel phonemes.   Examples and Observations By the early Modern English period . . . all the long vowels had shifted: Middle English Ä“, as in sweete sweet, had already acquired the value [i] that it currently has, and the others were well on their way to acquiring the values that they have in current English. . . .These changes in the quality of the long, or tense, vowels constitute what is known as the Great Vowel Shift. . . .The stages by which the shift occurred and the cause of it are unknown. There are several theories, but the evidence is ambiguous.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005) The evidence of spellings, rhymes, and commentaries by contemporary language pundits suggest that [the Great Vowel Shift] operated in more than one stage, affected vowels at different rates in different parts of the country, and took over 200 years to complete.(David Crystal, The Stories of English. Overlook, 2004) Prior to the GVS, which took place over around 200 years, Chaucer rhymed food, good and blood (sounding similar to goad). With Shakespeare, after the GVS, the three words still rhymed, although by that time all of them rhymed with food. More recently, good and blood have independently shifted their pronunciations again.(Richard Watson Todd, Much Ado About English: Up and Down the Bizarre Byways of a Fascinating Language. Nicholas Brealey, 2006) The standardization described by the GVS may simply have been the social fixation upon one variant among several dialectical options available in each case, a variant selected for reasons of community preference or by the external force of printing standardization and not as a result of a wholesale phonetic shift.(M. Giancarlo, quoted by Seth Lerer in Inventing English. Columbia University Press, 2007) The Great Vowel Shift and English Spelling One of the primary reasons that this vowel shift has become known as the Great Vowel Shift is that it profoundly affected English phonology, and these changes coincided with the introduction of the printing press: William Caxton brought the first mechanized printing press to England in 1476. Prior to mechanized printing, words in the handwritten texts had been spelled pretty much, however, each particular scribe wanted to spell them, according to the scribes own dialect. Even after the printing press, however, most printers used the spellings that had begun to be established, not realizing the significance of the vowel changes that were underway. By the time the vowel shifts were complete in the early 1600s, hundreds of books had been printed that used a spelling system that reflected the pre-Great Vowel Shift pronunciation. So the word goose, for example, had two os to indicate a long /o/ sound, /o:/--a good phonetic spelling of the word. However, the vowel had shifted to /u/; thus goose, moose, food, and other similar words that we now spell with oo had mismatched spelling and pronunciation. Why didnt printers just change the spelling to match the pronunciation? Because by this time, the new increased volume of book production, combined with increasing literacy, resulted in a powerful force against spelling change.(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010) Scots Dialects Older Scots dialects were only partially  affected by the Great Vowel Shift that revolutionized English pronunciation in the sixteenth century. Where English accents replaced the long uu vowel in words like house  with a diphthong (the two separate vowels heard in the southern English pronunciation of house), this change did not happen in Scots. Consequently, modern Scots dialects have preserved the Middle English uu in words like how and now; think of the Scots cartoon The Broons (The Browns). (Simon Horobin,  How English Became English. Oxford University Press, 2016)

Essay about The Main Component in the Civil Rights...

You can go through any school in the country and ask if any students know who Rosa Parks is. The majority of these students will say that she refused to give up her seat up to a non colored man. These students really dont know how impactful her decision had on the United States of America. She was really the main component of the civil rights movement and that’s why she is known as the â€Å"mother of the civil rights movement†. She stood up for what she believed in, and in doing that she sparked and created the stepping stones to the civil rights movement era. Rosa Parks was a african american civil rights rights movement activist, and she was known as the â€Å"mother of the freedom movement†. Rosa Louise McCauley was born in tuskegee, Alabama†¦show more content†¦But sadly enough the NAACP wasn’t getting the publicity from the court cases they pursued, in the areas they lost majority of their cases mostly had to involve in lynching, flogging, peonage, murder and rape. Rosa Parks did a lot to help with the NAACP but she didnt gain the attention or really stand out(Haskins). I will be explaining why the Montgomery bus boycott movement began and how it came about to really jumpstart the civil rights movement that greatly affects us today. During alabama in this time the law for bus riding for african americans was that they had to pay their fare in the front of the bus then walk out to the rear entrance and sit in the back of the bus, they were not allowed to sit toward the front, according to Mary Hall an american author who wrote the biography of Rosa Parks (Hull). Also african americans werent allowed to sit until all the white passengers were seated first, and that forces them to seat farther back or just stand until they arrive to their stop. What also is ridiculous is that is that they are not allowed to sit across from the whites in the same row (Academy of Achievement). Even throughout all these rules, some bus drivers would just close their doors and take off before they get on leaving them stranded to find another bus for transportation. Salah 3 In 1955 Rosa Parks was coming home from her occupation as a seamstress, and she was planning to use the montgomery bus station. She boarded the bus andShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Civil Rights Movement1383 Words   |  6 Pagesworld (Gandhi). Throughout the American history, the greatest number of people through an awkward to live peacefully. The Civil Right Movement in the United states has been a long, primarily nonviolent attempt to bring full civil rights and justice under the law to all Americans. The movement has sustained a lasting impact on the United States society. Before the civil right movement, the great migration of 1916- 1940, some blacks still lived in the south under the Jim crow, where state laws kept themRead MoreAfrican Americans : Same Fight For The Civil Rights Act Of 19681921 Words   |  8 Pagesas a person, and individuals who have been mistreated with cruelty and inequality. African Americans have been through all the pain and suffering to overcome accomp lishing different goals through history. Whether it was the Voting Rights Act of 1965 or the Civil Rights Act of 1968. After, memorable and remarkable individual accomplishments of African American men and women; even to this date, they are fighting for what their predecessors struggled to achieve, equality, freedom, and justice. 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What made slaves more efficient was theRead MoreHistory Notes on Cuban Missile Crisis and Protest in America in the 1960s4816 Words   |  20 Pagesor ‘doing the right thing’ for his county. Brinkmanship – The practice of pushing a dangerous situation or confrontation to the limit of safety especially to force a desired outcome. Civil Rights Movement The 1960’s was a decade of popular protest. The CRM in the US was a great e.g. of how effective popular mass protests could be. As a result there was less discrimination against African Americans. Some activists felt that the CRM did not go far enough and the Black Power Movement then arose.Read MoreStudy Guide5838 Words   |  24 Pagesrome Who benefited from the Magna Carta? The English NobilityThe English nobility gained the most benefits from the Magna Carta, which established limitations on the power of the king. Which of the following was guaranteed in the English Bill of Rights? Freedom from taxation without representation. Whose ideas about government greatly influenced the men who drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? John Locke The writings of John Locke, a British philosopher of the EnlightenmentRead MoreEssay on Gospel Music6236 Words   |  25 Pageswith it synchronized movements. (2) The gospel piano style was based on the rhythm section concept, where the middle of the piano was used to support the singers. This area supported the singers by doubling the vocal line in harmony. The bottom, left corner of the piano was used as a bass fiddle while the upper right hand portion played the counter melodies, taking theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMichael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographicalRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the

September 11 Attacks Essay Free Essays

What made the 9/11 attacks unique were several informational tactics and resources of the airport and the inexperience of the security. The terrorist were from Saudi Arabia, taught the essence of war with Al Qaeda in Afghanistan. The Al Qaeda Soldiers research the attack for years and bid the chance within the United States, while learning to fly planes. We will write a custom essay sample on September 11 Attacks Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now They navigated by the Airport security and went unnoticed in American culture. The plan was calculated and given out by Osama Bin Laden like any order from an Islamic religious leader. Osama Bin Laden frustrated with America had listed the reasons for this hatred. He was upset about US support of Israel in the holy land, Mecca in Saudi Arabia. This expectation spread western values throughout the Middle East. Many wondered how hijackers able to be so successful in the 9/11 attack. Al Qaeda are the type of soldiers who blend in and remain hidden in society. They had prior knowledge of how planes were flown and how to store weapons in the planes. Many of Al Qaeda worked for the airport, giving them time to research its layout. Around this time Many of the Al Qaeda didn’t have any criminal backgrounds, and they were provided Passports allowing them safe passage. The enemy had many months or close to a year to research the security and how to smuggle weapons and the fly plane. Around these time officers didn’t have much experience profiling allowing to go unnoticed them. This allowed up to eleven men to initiate the airport and the plane. It was many security measures seemed lacking with regard to the hijackers’ ability to board the planes and seize control of them. The main problem was the airport didn’t know how to profile these types of enemies. The history of war enemies against the USA were not explained to airport security and all they knew was to check people’s bags and passports. The enemies had prior knowledge of the airport allowing them to spread information. The enemy may have worked staff jobs and lived the citizens allowing them the attack on the world trade center. Also, it’s never been a huge attack so security on the plane wasn’t as strong, allowing an easy take over the civilians on the plane. Utility pocket knives with less than 4-inch blades were allowed, they said, and the guide provided no instruction.Wha t was the immediate official response to the attacks? It threw everything into Uproar because they attacked a huge landmark within the U.S, known as the Trade Center. Many people lost their lives in the plane and the trade center building and the airport security were made to testify for their failure. It boosted the awareness of the security staff to not allow any type of weapons or chemical that could cause explosion or fires. Security was now informed of dangerous overseas enemies and procedures to a lot of rules changed to ensure better security methods. The president had to make known are enemies and as well how citizens should report any suspicious activities which have stopped many incidents in the future. Which group suffered the largest loss? The trade center incident devastated many innocent lives of two thousand and people and wounded over six thousand producing ten billion in city damage cost. Additionally, Several people had cancer and respiratory problems which caused death to many after Attacks. America took a huge loss, and that’s what the Al Qaeda wanted and its religious leader. Al Qaeda sacrificed a few men, which killed tons of people which allowed them their revenge. Also, the Airport reputation was shamed for the reason of not being prepared for the 9/11 incident . All this came from lack of knowing dangerous people which created a radical system within the airports and more background checks.  What made the response to the attack in New York more challenging than the one in Virginia? They share a very similar problem showing that security is lacking in both the airports and in our universities. The New York incident was caused more from a total of 19 assailants while Virginia Tech had one student to commit the act. The Virginia Tech incident couldn’t compare to a billion dollars in damage and the lives which were 6000 killed and those of the plane. While at Virginia Tech students those who were killed happen to be thirty-two students In the incident. In both incidents, the attackers sacrificed their lives taking out many. As much as they could. The huge importance to stop weapons and increase security all around.  Why does a response across several jurisdictions present a challenge those in charge? The system of rules can easily change allowing different rules or different associations. It’s like the police could be in charge of crime and the suspect might be a war enemy of the country. The police would have to let the FBI or CIA takes care of that suspect or criminal. Just like the state government can’t change laws in the federal government almost that of hierarchy. Disobeying or crossing lines that shouldn’t be crossed by another hierarchy are against the rule or laws. If this rule wasn’t made other associations would do what they want. The systems are divided so no one association has to much power. Every association has its job and will sometimes have to call upon another or waiver to another authority. What can they do to overcome these challenges in the future? I think we need more.Information gathering which is important, the more the citizens inform law enforcement the safer it will be. I think also if the jurisdiction belongs to another association why fight the system. You should call upon that association and work together instead of stepping the line. Also I think security should step up and not go overboard it’s their job. Awareness can make can stop a lot of problems if the community and the government work together. How to cite September 11 Attacks Essay, Essays

Foundations of Academic Writing

Question: Discuss about theFoundations of Academic Writing. Answer: Introduction: According to Redpath et al (2015), all the species including human beings live in a shared environment. They interact with one another and develop a complex relationship network, which is termed as Ecosystem. However, the human beings are different to the other species because they can adapt to various environments to survive in the earth. The other animals survive through the process of natural selection and biological evolutions. Such a difference has enabled the human beings to dominate over other species and subjugate them. Nevertheless, within this shared environment the coexistence of the humans and the carnivorous wild animals are problematic as these wild animals threaten the lives of the humans. The conflict arises due to the dominating power of the humans and on the other hand, the nature of survival strategies and food habits of these carnivorous wild animals. The assignment will try to bring out the problem faced by the humans dwelling at the nearby areas of the wild anim als. Possible recommendations to overcome this problem will also be highlighted. Importance of the Study The increased human population has compelled them to inhabit in various places including in those areas, which are near to the forests. These people have to live in a threatening situation due to the apprehension of the wild animals. Therefore, it happens that before the wild animals could kill them, they kill the animals to ensure safety. However, the tolerance level varies from one place to another. As discussed by Redpath et al (2015), for example, in Sweden and United states, if anyone living near the forest sees any wolf he immediately kills the animal. This is not the case in India in which people shows a higher level of tolerance towards the wild animals. They only react if someone in their community is harmed or killed by them. Such situation arises because the wild animals cannot apply their reasoning and decide not to kill any human. According to Nyhus (2016), it is found that at least 10,000 conflicts occurred only in Karnataka, a state in India. It proves the relevance of the study. Thesis Statement There is no doubt about the conflict present in the planet between the wild animals and the humans. Now the questions are: Can this problem be solved? How can this problem be solved? The entire argument of this essay will try to answer these two questions. Humans and animals will always live in a conflict but both of them need to survive for the maintenance of ecological balance. An analysis on this issue will solve many other queries of the analytical minds. Here lies the importance of this assignment for the writers, as they will get many elements for the benefit of further research. Literature Review: In the three scholarly articles, the writers have gathered necessary data to analyze the prevalent situation. In the article by Karanth et al (2013), they have surveyed 398 houses of 178 villages within the reach of Ranathambore, Nagarahole and Kanha parks in India. Different attitudes that they have found among the inhabitants towards the wild animals are also analyzed to reach the desired conclusion. This case study will help to highlight the situation in India. Clark and Casey (2013), said in their article ,` we suggest strategies to resolve actual, on-the-ground conflicts with carnivores more effectively, change what these animals symbolize or mean to people, and improve the institutional system of wildlife management to operate in a more timely, fair, effective manner. Solutions can be found from this book. In the article by Meena et al (2014), they analyzed Gujarat State Departments monetary compensation records and took interviews to identify various human perceptions on wildl ife issues. Critical Thinking: Preview: Karanths work has validity for the current situation. Nyhus (2016) This article provides major research materials for the aspiring writers of this genre. Redpath et al (2015) One of the finest articles to untie the relevant issues of human-wildlife conflict. Baruch-Mordo et al (2013) Summary: Examining patterns of conflict and associated tolerance is important to devise policies to reduce conflict impacts on people and wildlife. Karanth et al (2013) This article summarizes recommendations from the workshop and introduces the other articles in this special issue of Human Dimensions of Wildlife. Clark and Casey (2013) With the increasing population size, lions have expanded their range and move throughout the Greater Gir Landscape in Western India. Meena et al (2014), Evaluation: We discovered that the number and severity of livestock depredations has increased over time despite a stable lion population in the GPA. Our spatial regression model identified that over a 10-year period, lion depredation tended to increase ( = 0.10, P .0001) in villages near GPA, though the spatial configuration of depredations was patchy. Meena et al (2014), Every 10years, the IUCN World park congress (WPC) brings together conservation experts from around the world to share information and ideas, and set a global policy agenda for protected areas. Clark and Casey (2013) Eighty percent of households reported crop losses to wildlife and 13% livestock losses. Karanth et al (2013) Analysis: We found that only fencing and guard animals reduce crop losses, and no efforts to lower livestock losses. Contrary to our expectations, carnivores were not viewed with more hostility than crop-raiding wildlife. Karanth et al (2013) The HWC recommendation was informed by a technical workshop that was part of the WPC proceedings. The workshop entitled Creating Coexistence Between Humans and Wildlife: Global Perspectives on Local Efforts to Address Human-Wildlife conflict combined vigorous debate on human-wildlife conflict issues with a technical focus on useful outputs for those working in the profession. Clark and Casey (2013) Currently, the agro-pastoral economy, land-use and cultural tolerance appear conducive to lion survival in the GPA region. However, for lion conservation to continue to succeed in the Greater Gir Landscape, conflict mitigation and the continued promotion of positive public perceptions of lion is imperative. Meena et al (2014) References Baruch-Mordo, S., Webb, C.T., Breck, S.W. and Wilson, K.R., 2013. Use of patch selection models as a decision support tool to evaluate mitigation strategies of humanwildlife conflict.Biological conservation,160, pp.263-271. Clark, T., Rutherford, M. and Casey, D. eds., 2013.Coexisting with large carnivores: Lessons from Greater Yellowstone. Island Press. Karanth, K.K., Naughton-Treves, L., DeFries, R. and Gopalaswamy, A.M., 2013. Living with wildlife and mitigating conflicts around three Indian protected areas.Environmental management,52(6), pp.1320-1332. Meena, V., Macdonald, D.W. and Montgomery, R.A., 2014. Managing success: Asiatic lion conservation, interface problems and peoples perceptions in the Gir Protected Area.Biological Conservation,174, pp.120-126. Nyhus, P., 2016. Human and Wildlife Conflict.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,41(1). Redpath, S.M., Bhatia, S. and Young, J., 2015. Tilting at wildlife: reconsidering humanwildlife conflict.Oryx,49(02), pp.222-225.

Hydrogen Bomb Essays (407 words) - Chemical Elements,

Hydrogen Bomb The Hydrogen Bomb The history and workings of this massive bomb Back in 1905 Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory the relation between mass and energy is expressed by the equation E=mc squared, which states that a given mass (m) is associated with an amount of energy (E) equal to this mass multiplied by the square of the speed of light (Encarta). So years later in 1939 two German chemists took this idea and applied it to a uranium atom, which would theoretically split into roughly two equal parts. To split this atom they would have to bombard it with neutrons. Later this process known as fission was perfected and explained by the by Otto Robert Frisch and Lise Meitner (Encarta). In addition to the process of splitting atoms, fission, a process of combining atoms known as fusion was being explored and would end up being capable of making the largest bombs known to man today, the Hydrogen bomb. The process that was explained by Frisch and Meitner goes as follows. A chain reaction is started when the uranium is bombarded by neutrons this emits three things one an atom of cesium, two an atom of rubidium, and three a couple of neutrons. Since the neutrons are what are needed to start the chain reaction the ones that are emitted are what keep it going (Encarta). When a reaction starts it is very hard to stop because of the speed and the exponential growth of the reaction. The process of fusion was also becoming widely explored. In this process instead of splitting the atom like in fission the atom would be combined with another. In doing so it was hypothesized that any extra neutrons would be expelled and create massive amounts of energy (Encarta). This theory was proven when the fist Hydrogen bomb was detonated on the island of Bikini atoll, in the Marshall Islands. The explosion that took place had the power of several million tons of TNT (Encarta). After the first of the tests on Bikini atoll the islands are still being used to do tests on. Now that some of the testing by the U.S. have taken place and Soviet Union have done tests of there own should people worry about the effects of fallout or what might happen if the testing continues. We can only rely on what the government and chemists have to tell us. Science

How to Get Into an Ivy League School

How to Get Into an Ivy League School If you are hoping to attend one of the Ivy League schools, youre going to need more than good grades. Seven of the eight Ivies made my list of the most selective colleges in the country, and acceptance rates range from 6% for Harvard University to 15% for Cornell University. Applicants who are admitted have earned excellent grades in challenging classes, demonstrated meaningful involvement in extracurricular activities, revealed leadership skills, and crafted winning essays. A successful Ivy League application is not the result of a little effort at application time. It is the culmination of years of hard work. The tips and strategies below can help make sure your Ivy League application is as strong as possible. Develop the Foundation for Ivy League Success Early The Ivy League universities (and all universities for that matter) will consider your accomplishments in 9th through 12th grades only. The admissions folks will not be interested in that literary award you got in 7th grade or the fact that you were on the varsity track team in 8th grade. That said, successful Ivy League applicants build the foundation for an impressive high school record long before high school. On the academic front, if you can get into an accelerated math track while in middle school, this will set you up to complete calculus before you graduate from high school. Also, start a foreign language as early as possible in your school district, and stick with it. This will put you on track to take an Advanced Placement language class in high school, or to take a dual enrollment language class through a local college. Strength in a foreign language  and completing math through calculus  are both important features of the majority of winning Ivy League applications. You can get admitted without these accomplishments, but your chances will be diminished. When it comes to extracurricular activities in middle school, use them to find your passion so that you begin ninth grade with focus and determination. If you discover in middle school that drama, not soccer, is what you truly want to be doing in your after school hours, great. Youre now in a position to develop depth and demonstrate leadership on the drama front when youre in high school. This is hard to do if you discover your love of theater in your junior year.   This article on college preparation in middle school can help you understand the numerous ways in which a strong middle school strategy can help set you up for Ivy League success. Craft Your High School Curriculum Thoughtfully The most important piece of your Ivy League application is your high school transcript. In general,  youll need to take the most challenging classes available to you if you are going to convince the admissions folks that you are prepared to succeed in your college coursework. If you have a choice between AP Calculus or business statistics, take AP Calculus. If Calculus BC is an option for you, it will be more impressive than Calculus AB. If you are debating whether or not you should take a foreign language in your senior year, do so (this advice assumes that you feel you are capable of succeeding in these courses). You should also be realistic on the academic front. The Ivies dont, in fact, expect you to take seven AP courses in your junior year, and trying to do too much is likely to backfire by causing burn out and/or low grades. Focus on core academic areas- English, math, science, language- and make sure you excel in these areas. Courses such as AP Psychology, AP Statistics, or AP Music Theory are fine if your school offers them, but they dont carry the same weight as AP Literature and AB Biology.   Also keep in mind that the Ivies recognize that some students have more academic opportunities than others. Only a small fraction of high schools offer a challenging International Baccalaureate (IB) curriculum. Only larger, well-funded high schools can offer a wide breadth of Advanced Placement courses. Not all high schools make it easy to take dual enrollment courses at a local college. If youre from a small rural school without many academic opportunities, the admissions officers at the Ivy League schools take your situation into consideration, and measures such as your SAT/ACT scores and letters of recommendation will be even more important for evaluating your college readiness. Earn High Grades Im frequently asked which is more important: high grades or challenging courses?  The reality for Ivy League admissions is that you need both. The Ivies will be looking for lots of A grades in the most challenging courses available to you. Also keep in mind that the applicant pool for all of the Ivy League schools is so strong that the admissions offices are often not interested in weighted GPAs. Weighted GPAs play an important and legitimate role in determining your class rank, but the reality is that when  admissions committees are comparing students from around the world, they will consider whether or not that A in AP World History is a true A or if it is B that was weighted up to an A. Realize that you dont need straight A grades to get into the Ivy League, but every B on your transcript is lessening your chance  of admission. Most successful Ivy League applicants have unweighted GPAs that are up in the 3.7 range or higher (3.9 or 4.0 is more common).   The pressure to earn straight A grades can sometimes cause applicants to make bad decisions when applying to highly competitive colleges. You should not  write a supplemental essay explaining why you got a B in one course in your sophomore year. There are, however, a few situations in which you should explain a bad grade. Also keep in mind that some students with less-than-stellar grades get admitted. This can be because they have an exceptional talent, come from a school or country with different grading standards, or have legitimate circumstances that made earning A grades extremely challenging. Focus on Depth and Achievement in Your Extracurricular Activities There are hundreds of endeavors that count as extracurricular activities, and the reality is that any of them can make your application shine if you have demonstrated true depth and passion in your chosen activity. This article on the best extracurricular activities shows how any given activity, when approached with enough commitment and energy, can become something truly impressive. In general, think of extracurriculars in terms of depth, not breadth. A student who acts a minor role in a play one year, plays JV tennis one spring, joins yearbook another year, and then joins Academic All-Stars senior year is going to look like a dabbler with no clear passion or area of expertise (these activities are all good things, but they dont make for a winning combination on an Ivy League application). On the flip side, consider a student who plays euphonium in County Band in 9th grade, Area All-State in 10th grade, All-State in 11th grade, and who also played in the school symphonic band, concert band, marching band, and pep band for all four years of high school. This is a student who clearly loves playing her instrument and will bring that interest and passion to the campus community.   Show That You Are a Good Community Member The admissions folks are looking for students to join their community, so they clearly want to enroll students who care about community. One way to demonstrate this is through community service. Realize, however, that there is no magic number here- an applicant with 1,000 hours of community service may not have an advantage over a student with 300 hours. Instead, make sure you are doing community service that is meaningful to you and that truly makes a difference in your community. You may even want to write one of your supplemental essays about one of your service projects. Earn High SAT or ACT Scores None of the Ivy League schools are test-optional, and SAT and ACT scores still carry a bit of weight in the admissions process. Because the Ivies draw from such a diverse pool of students from around the world, standardized tests truly are one of the few tools the schools can use to compare students. That said, the admissions folks do recognize that financially advantaged students have an advantage with the SAT and ACT, and that one thing these tests tend to predict is a familys income. To get a sense of what SAT and/or ACT scores youre going to need to get into an Ivy league school, check out these graphs of GPA, SAT and ACT data for students who were accepted, waitlisted, and rejected: Brown  | Columbia  | Cornell | Dartmouth | Harvard | Penn | Princeton | Yale The numbers are rather sobering: the great majority of admitted students are scoring in the top one or two percentiles on the SAT or ACT. At the same time, youll see that there are some outlying data points, and a few students do get in with less-than-ideal scores. Write a Winning Personal Statement Chances are youre applying to the Ivy League using the Common Application, so youll have five options for your personal statement. Check out these tips and samples for the Common Application essay options, and realize that your essay is important. An essay that is riddled with errors or focuses on a trivial or clichà © topic could land your application in the rejection pile. At the same time, realize that your essay doesnt need to focus on something extraordinary. You dont need to have solved global warming or saved a bus full of 1st-graders to have an effective focus for your essay. More important than what you write about is that you focus on something important to you, and that your essay is thoughtful and self-reflective.   Put Significant Effort Into Your Supplemental Essays All of the Ivy League schools require school-specific supplemental essays in addition to the main Common Application essay. Dont underestimate the importance of these essays. For one, these supplemental essays, much more than the common essay, demonstrate why you are interested in a specific Ivy League school. The admissions officers at Yale, for example, arent just looking for strong students. They are looking for strong students who are truly passionate about Yale and have specific reasons for wanting to attend Yale. If your supplemental essay responses are generic and could be used for multiple schools, you havent approached the challenge effectively. Do your research and be specific. The supplemental essays are one of the best tools for demonstrating your interest in a specific university.   Be sure to avoid these five supplemental essay mistakes. Ace Your Ivy League Interview Youre likely to interview with an alum of the Ivy League school to which you are applying. In truth, the interview isnt the most important part of your application, but it can make a difference. If you stumble to answer questions about your interests and your reasons for applying, this can certainly damage your application. Youll also want to make sure that you are polite and personable during your interview. In general, Ivy League interviews are friendly exchanges, and your interviewer wants to see you do well. A little preparation, however, can help. Be sure to think about these 12 common interview questions, and work to avoid these interview mistakes. Apply Early Action or Early Decision Harvard, Princeton, and Yale all have a single-choice early action program. Brown, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, and Penn have early decision programs. All of these programs allow you to apply to just a single school through the early program. Early decision has additional restrictions in that if you are admitted, you are obligated to attend. You should not  apply early decision if you are not 100% sure that a specific Ivy League school is your top choice. With early action, its fine to apply early if theres a chance you will later change your mind. If youre on target for Ivy League admission (grades, SAT/ACT, interview, essays, extracurriculars), applying early is the best tool you have for improving your chances significantly. Take a look at this table of early and regular admit rates for the Ivy League schools.  You are four times more likely to get into Harvard by applying early than applying with the regular applicant pool. Yes- four times more likely.   Factors That You Cant Control Everything Ive written about above focuses on factors that you can control, especially if you start early. There are, however, a couple factors in the Ivy League admissions process that are outside of your control. If these factors work in your favor, great. If they dont, dont fret. The majority of accepted students do  not  have these advantages. First is legacy status. If you have a parent or sibling who attended the Ivy League school to which you are applying, this can work to your advantage. Colleges tend to like legacies for a couple reasons: they will be familiar with the school and are likely to accept an offer of admission (this helps with the universitys yield); also, family loyalty can be an important factor when it comes to alumni donations. You also cant control how you fit into the universitys efforts to enroll a diverse class of students. Other factors being equal, an applicant from Montana or Nepal is going to have an advantage over an applicant from New Jersey. Similarly, a strong student from an under-represented group will have an advantage over a student from a majority group. This may seem unfair, and its certainly an issue that has been debated in the courts, but most selective private universities operate under the idea that the undergraduate experience is enriched significantly when the students come from a wide range of geographical, ethnic, religious, and philosophical backgrounds. A Final Word Perhaps this point should have come first in this essay, but I always ask Ivy League applicants to ask themselves, Why the Ivy League? The answer is often far from satisfactory: family pressure, peer pressure, or just the prestige factor. Keep in mind that there is nothing magical about the eight Ivy League schools. Of the thousands of colleges in the world, the one that best matches your personality, academic interests, and professional aspirations is very likely  not  one of the eight Ivies.   Every year youll see the news headlines heralding that one student who got into all eight Ivies. The news channels love to celebrate these students, and the accomplishment is certainly impressive. At the same time, a student who would thrive in the bustling urban environment of Columbia would probably not enjoy the rural location of Cornell. The Ivies are remarkably different, and all eight are not going to be a great match for a single applicant. Also keep in mind that there are hundreds of colleges that deliver exceptional educations (in many cases better undergraduate educations) than the Ivies, and many of these schools will be much more accessible. They may also be more affordable since the Ivies do not offer any merit-based financial aid (although they do have excellent need-based aid).   In short, make sure you truly do have good reasons for wanting to attend an Ivy League school, and recognize that failure to get into one is not failure: you are likely to thrive at the college you do choose to attend.

Tuberculosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Tuberculosis - Research Paper Example According to the recent statistics by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), tuberculosis is one of the world’s deadliest diseases. It is recoded that one third of the world’s population is infected with tuberculosis. In the year 2013, it is recorded that 9 million people around the world became sick with tuberculosis disease. In the same year, there were around 1.5 million TB-related deaths worldwide. For people living with HIV, T.B is the leading killer. A total of 9,582 TB cases (a rate of 3.0 cases per 100,000 persons) were reported in the United States in 2013. Both the number of TB cases reported and the case rate decreased; this represents a 3.6% and 4.3% decline, respectively, compared to 2012. The rate of infection for Tuberculosis is very high and it is reported that one infected person can infect 10 to 15 people each year. Tuberculosis exists in three forms namely latent and active forms. People with latent TB infection do not feel sick and do not have any symptoms. They are thus said to be infected with M. tuberculosis, but do not have TB disease itself. The only indication of tuberculosis infection is a positive reaction to the tuberculin skin test or TB blood test. Persons with latent TB infection are not infectious and cannot spread TB infection to others. The chest X-ray for a person with latent tuberculosis looks very normal and is treating by taking a medication that lasts 9 months. On the other hand, active tuberculosis is manifested by the reproduction and spread of tuberculosis germs in the body leading to tissue damage. A person usually feels sick and symptoms include cough that lasts 3 weeks, weight loss, night sweats, and fever. In this case, a chest x-ray and other tests are needed to diagnose TB disease. According to the World Health Organization it is a proven fact that one-third of the world is infected with the Tuberculosis bacterium. Treatment of

Fungi and Medicine Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fungi and Medicine - Case Study Example Fungi play an important role in the ecology as their presence determines the types of plants and hence the types of animals that can live in a biological community. Fungi do not contain chlorophyll hence they cannot photosynthesize and so they are consumers in the food chain. Many fungi follow saprophytic nutrition meaning that they secrete extracellular enzymes to carry out digestion while other fungi like tinea that causes ‘Athlete’s foot’ are parasitic in nature. Fungi exist as mycelium which is actually a network of tiny thread-like filaments known as hyphae. The mushroom is the fruiting body or the reproductive part of the fungi. Sexual and asexual reproduction, both are found equally in the Kingdom fungi. In addition to its vital importance in ecology, it plays an essential role in the lives of humans. Fungi find applications in our daily lives, for example in the fermentation of beer and in the making of pizza dough. Fungi are also key decomposers in the fo od chain and are therefore essential for the biodegradation of dead animals and plants, returning nutrients back to the soil. However the most important role of fungi is in its use in medicine. Huge amount of antibiotics, derived from fungi are produced annually (Kendrick). Use of Fungi in Medicine: Penicillin was one of the first antibiotics to be developed from fungi. It was extracted by Alexander Fleming from the secretions of a fungus, ‘Penicillium’. Penicillin was considered a miracle drug after its discovery as it provided cure to a wide range of previously incurable diseases. It is still widely used in the production of a variety of effective antibiotics and has saved millions of lived since its discovery. Penicillin works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to develop new cell walls. Bacteria reproduce by cell division and since the creation of cell wall is inhibited, cell division does not take place and new daughter cells cannot be produced. This great ly reduces the reproduction potential of the bacteria and the bacteria only increases in length without dividing which weakens the protective cell wall and gradually the bacterial population dies. Nowadays research is being done in genetic modification of some types of fungi to prevent the spread of vector-transmitted diseases such as malaria. Experiments have been done by using transgenic fungus and using it to infect mosquitoes that carry the malaria parasite. The fungi have their genes modified by having the gene of the human malarial antibody injected into them. The results have showed that these fungi are extremely effective in eradicating the parasite and can lower incidents of malarial infection. Further research is being done on this so that possible resistance among the mosquitoes does not occur and optimization against the malarial pathogen is achieved (Fungi Developed to Fight Malaria in Mosquitoes). Genetic modification of fungi is also taking place to produce naturally occurring drugs. Taxol is a naturally occurring drug which is derived from the yew tree however the tree needs to be cut down for the drug extraction. In addition the yield of the Drug is very low. To solve this problem, the genes of fungi are now being modified so that they can yield the naturally occurring drugs like Taxol at a faster rate (Law). Organ transplants in recent past were very difficult to perform and used to pose a major threat of death to the patient if the immune system

Recruit, select and induct staff Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Recruit, select and induct staff - Essay Example The immediate task of the receptionist would be to answer phone calls, deposit and receive checks. The receptionist will be responsible for handling all the immediate task related to the day to day meetings and would also require to disseminate information to an entire department. Interview Rounds The interviewing questions would be categorized into two types; job related and non job related. There would be two interviewing rounds; Human Resource (HR) and technical round. The HR round would be conducted by the Human Resource manager that would focus on non job related questions and the technical rounds would be conducted by the senior managers of the organization, who are proficient in the knowledge of the subject related to the post being offered to the candidate (Ashton and Morton, 2005). (2) Interviewing Questions: Job & Non Job Related Job Related Non Job Related Why have you applied for this position? What is your age? What is your qualification and how it is related to the job? What is your religion, nationality, marital status? Why would you want to leave your previous organization? Do you have a physical disability? What interests you most about this position? Do you have any membership any organization or political membership? Why do you consider yourself suitable for this job position? (3) Interview Guide Basic Education Graduate in Business Administration Work history Minimum experience of 2 years Communication Skills Must have a soothing voice along with fluency in English Leadership Skills Any kind of leadership activity would be an added advantage Activity 4: Recruitment Schedule (1) Recruitment Process The curriculum vitae (CV) would be gathered from the internet portal of the recruiting agency, official website of the company and referral of employees The CV would be sorted after tallying the requirements of the job post with the qualification and experience After sorting out the curriculum vitae, the selected candidates would be called for a te lephonic round and written round The written round will constitute of aptitude test, which will be divided into numerical and non numerical segment (Bennett, 2002). The selective candidates performing well in these rounds would be proceeded for the human resource and technical round The candidates passing these rounds would be selected for the job position The selected candidates would be provided the required training and an induction program prior would be conducted before assigning them any task. (2) Timetable for Recruitment Process Task Handling Manager Time Frame Collection & sorting of CV HR manager 01/09/2013 to 7/09/2013 Telephonic interview & written round Assistant Manager of HR department 07/09/2013 to 08/09/2013 Invigilating the written round HR manager 09/09/2013 Human Resource round HR manager 09/09/2013 Technical Round Senior managers of the HR departments 10/09/2013 to 12/09/2013 Training, Development & Induction HR manager and respected managers of the department 1 5/09/2013 to 23/092013 Activity 5: Letter of Offer

Land Law Cases Analysis

Land Law Cases Analysis Kingsnorth Finance v Tizard [1986] 1 WLR 783 Mr and Mrs Tizard owned a matrimonial home on unregistered land. Mrs Tizard had contributed to it although it was in Mr Tizard’s name. Due to the breakdown of the matrimony Mrs Tizard spent time away from the home but returning daily to care for their children and to prepare herself for work and so often spending nights there to care for the children and leaving clothes at the property. Mr Tizard obtained a loan to which it was thought that the property was solely occupied by him and his children. Mr Tizard informing the surveyor that he and his wife were separated and that she was living outside of the property with someone else. The loan was consequently granted and Mr Tiazrd defaulted. The lenders sought to enforce the charge and the question was whether his wife’s equitable interest was defeated. This depended on whether the lender had actual or constructive notice of her rights. It was held that the plaintiff lender did have constructive notice of the wife’s rights. Their agent, the surveyor had been aware that a wife existed even through having been told the applicant was single and should have informed the lender of these contradictory facts. Given the wife’s confirmed existence further investigations should have been carried out by the plaintiffs. The occupation of the children in the house should have further alerted the surveyor as to possible occupation by their mother; Mr Tizard’s wife. Since the plaintiffs should have carried out further investigations as to the matters, they had constructive notice of the wife’s rights. Further, the fact that the inspection had been prearranged did not, in these circumstances, amount to a reasonable inspection. Caunce v Caunce [1969]1 WLR 286 A and B, intended to buy a property as a matrimonial home. It was agreed that a mortgage would be acquired in B’s name and that the property would be conveyed into their joint names. B contributed  £479.00 towards the cost of the property. But in breach of the agreement A obtained a conveyance of the property into his sole name. Without B’s knowledge A effect legal charges in favour of the bank to secure the amount lent to him. A became bankrupt and B commenced proceedings claiming that she had an equitable interest in the property and so that she was entitled to such interest free from the claims both of A’s trustee in bankruptcy and of the bank. The bank as mortgagee issued a summons seeking possession of the property. B claimed that A had held the house on trust for herself and the banks, also that the banks’ mortgages were charged only against the husband’s beneficial interest and that her interest had prior over that of the banks. She further claimed that the bankers had had constructive notice of her equitable interest in her property as she had held an account with them. It was held that the bank took free charge of her interest unless they had constructive notice of it. An enquiry into the wife’s account was not an enquiry the bank ought reasonably to have made and so there were no special facts which should have brought her interest to their attention. Mortgages were not affected with equitable interest of people residing in their property where that residence was not inconsistent with the title offered as security. They were not fixed with contrastive notice by failure to enquire. The mere fact of it being a matrimonial home did not raise a need to enquire; therefore, B’s interest was not free from the legal charge. In older cases the problem had mainly been that that the occupier, usually a wife with a beneficial interest in the family home, had been living with the registered proprietor in circumstances which are not indicative of any hostile claim. But in cases of unregistered land Stamp J in Caunce held that there would not be constructive notice of such a wife’s interests. In Williams Glyn Bank v Boland[1], the House of Lords faced similar facts in registered land. Lord Wilberforce was explicit in rejecting the relevance of the doctrine of notice. He was derisive as to the suggestion that a spouse may be subject to special rules and rejected the suggestions that actual occupation excludes occupation that is consistent with the mortgagor’s title. This test would be difficult to apply in modern circumstances as wives and other occupiers are likely to have proprietary interests. But two things must be distinguished; the first is in regards to a person who is living on land in circumstances illustrated in Caunce and Boland. That person cannot be denied to be in actual occupation in accordance with the interpretation of Stamp J: â€Å"If there is actual occupation, and the occupier had rights, the purchaser takes subject to them†¦..no further element is material.† Stamp J holding favour of the bank, also based his decision on the fact that it was quite unreasonable to expect a bank to make enquiries beyond the legal owner of the property, taking the view that;[2] â€Å"it is not in the public interest that the bank mortgages should be snoopers and busybodies in wholly normal transactions of mortgage.†[3] The courts have already concluded that where there is doubt as to whether there was actual occupation then it is looked to the question of whether the occupation would have been obvious to a purchaser.[4] Turning to Tizard, Judge Finaly QC was clear that there was actual occupation as the Boland test was applied even though the fats concerned unregistered land. Although the Mrs Tizard was no longer living there, her daily activities must be regarded sufficient to justify the result. Concluding The case law involving both unregistered and registered land before the 2002 Act suggests that proper enquiries were considered necessary. The leading authority in respect of unregistered land was Caunce where it was thought that notice of the presence of the wife did not of itself give the bank notice of her interest in the property. But in Tizard it was decided that the mortgagee may be fixed with notice of the co-owners interest by her actual occupation. In Tizard it was held that the bank did have constructive knowledge because the inspection took place on a Sunday in dubious circumstances.So far as registered land is concerned it will be a rare case where the beneficiary will both be in actual occupation and unaware of the banks charge. However, there may still be cases where the lender is ignorant of the beneficiarys interest. The Law Commission recommended[5] that occupation of the beneficiary claiming a beneficial interest should have been apparent on reasonably careful inspe ction and this recommendation has now been incorporated in Schedule 3 of the Land Registration Act 2002 in respect of registered dispositions. As emphasised by the Law Commission it was knowledge of the occupation that was important not knowledge of the interest claimed.In conclusion, the law as enacted in the 2002 Act combined with the cases since Boland[6] gives the lender a high degree of protection. Banks are likely to make standard enquiries and any failure to disclose will enable them to take free of the beneficiarys interest where, for example, a wife knows that her husband is charging the property. There may still be exceptional cases where the wife neither knew nor ought to have known of the husbands charge over the property or where the wife is in occupation through an agent[7] whose relationship to her is not obvious to an outsider. However, those cases are likely to remain rare. Considering the facts of these cases from a modern perspective; the problem here is the matter of presumption as well as occupation. The operation of presumptions in English law is problematic. There are situations established by case law in which is it presumed that the transfer of property manifests an intention to create a gift of that property. The two most usually cases are the transfer of property from father to child and from husband to wife. So the use of presumption in society today is questionable. There is no logic behind the reasoning that a presumption may exist behind the transfer between father and child if the transfer may not necessarily exist between mother and child. In the times when presumptions were created it would thought natural for the court to assume that a man would be obliged to provide for his wife and children. So it was presumed that a transfer of property to a wife or child was thought to be part of his obligation to maintain them. Yet this presumptio n did not exist between a wife and her husband as it was thought that women did not usually have a property of their own. At this time husbands and wives were thought to be one person[8]as the wife was merely â€Å"the shadow of her husband†.[9] Caunce very much reflects an era where women were considered to rarely own property of their own and were not often thought of as earning incomes and so were reliant on either their husbands or fathers. The presumption of advancement between husband and wife belonged to era were men were expected to look after women for the above reasons. It was only with Caunce, in 1969, that wives were finally accepted by English law as not being solely shadows of their husbands. This meant that for the first time women were entitled to have separate rights to property outside of the rights of their husbands. In 1970 with the influence of Lord Reid in his enlightened approach to rights of spouses in the matrimonial home, Pettitt v Pettitt[10] considered for the first time all the circumstances in recognising the existence of rights in the home, even at a time when women were not considered to have rights independent of their husbands. The matter of the juxtaposition of a women’s role in society and so her influence upon mortgage transactions due to her possible proprietary rights in property is not the sole principle to be considered in the light of these two cases. Due to the bench mark decision of Boland it was accepted that the restrictive approach taken in Caunce was no longer applicable and the ambit of reasonable enquiries extended to making enquiries of all occupiers of the property, despite the vendor also being in occupation.[11] The full extent of the purchaser’s task, considered in Tizard meant that the idea of investigations into all occupants of the household was now embraced. This meant that recognition was given to those living within a household living with the legal owner of the house may have rights deserving of protection when the property is mortgaged without their consent. Reference list Journals Hanbury, W., Overriding Interests under the Land Registration Act, 2002 – the Lender’s Perspective, 2005. 3 EMIS Property Service. Shea, T., Overriding Interests in Unregistered Land. Journal of International Banking Law. 1 (2), 125 – 127 Thompson, M.P., The Purchaser as Private Detective, 1986. Conveyancer and Property Lawyer, July – August 283 – 28 Bibliography Hudson, A., Equity and Trusts, 2004. Third Edition. Cavendish Publishing, London. Pearce, R Stevens, J., The Law of Trusts and Equitable Obligations, 2002, Third Edition. Butterworths, London. Smith, R. J., Property Law, 2003, Fourth Edition. Longman, London. Thompson, M. p., Modern Land Law, 2003. Second Edition. Oxford University Press Footnotes [1] (1981) AC 487; (1979) Ch 312 [2] Thompson, M. p., Modern Land Law at page 53 [3] Caunce v Caunce [1969]1 WLR 286 at 294 [4] Analysis of Mustill LJ in Lloyds Bank v Rosset (1989) Ch 350 [5] In â€Å"Land Registration for the 21st Century† (Law Com 254). [6] Ibid 1 [7] Per Lord Oliver in Abbey National BS v Cann (1991) 1 AC 56 [8] Hudson, A., Equity and Trusts at page 318 [9] Ibid 3 [10] (1970) AC 777 [11] Midland Bank Ltd v Farmpride Hatcheries Ltd (1981) 2 EGLR 147

The Battle of the Bulge :: World War II History

The Battle of the Bulge The purpose of this speech for the class is to gain better knowledge of one of the most tragic and devastating battles of World War II, the Battle of the Bulge. To Better understand The Battle of the Bulge I will explain to you the cause of the battle, location of the battle, when it took place, who was the battle fought between, the number of soldiers involved, and the number of casualties. The prelude to the Battle of the Bulge began on a winter day in mid-December of 1944. Three powerful German divisions, were the last German offensives in the west at that time during World War II. They began after the Normandy invasion in June 1944. Allied had forces swept rapidly through France but became stalled along the German border earlier that year in September. On December 16, 1944 taking advantage of the weather, which kept the Allied aircraft on the ground, the Germans launched a counteroffensive through the semi-mountainous and heavily-forested Ardennes region in Germany, and advanced 31 miles into Belgium and northern Luxembourg near the Meuse River. Their goal was to trap four allied armies, divide the Americans and the British to force negotiated peace along the western front, and retake the vital seaport of Antwerp in Belgium. Thinking the Ardennes was the least likely spot for a German offensive, American staff commander chose to keep the thin line, so that manpower m ight concentrate on offensives north and south of the Ardennes known as the "bulge" in the Allied lines. These American lines were thinly held by three divisions in the Allied Army and part of a forth division, while fifth division was making a local attack and the sixth division was in reserve. Division sectors were more than double the width of normal defensive fronts, therefore there were more men scattered along a larger area. The German advance was halted near the Meuse River in late December. Even though the German Offensive achieved total surprise, nowhere did the American troops give ground without a fight. Within three days, the determined American stand and the arrival of powerful reinforcements insured that the ambitious German goal was far beyond reach. In snow and sub-freezing temperatures the Germans fell short of their interim objective- to reach the rambling Meuse River on the edge of the Ardennes. But they managed to avoid being cut off by an Allied Pincer movement.

Elizabeth Visits Gpc’s French Subsidiary Discussion Questions

ELIZABETH VISITS GPC’S FRENCH SUBSIDIARYDiscussion Questions 1. What can Elizabeth Moreno do to establish a position of power in front of French managers tohelp her accomplish her assignment in five days? Explain. The French tend to regard authority as residing in the role and not the person; Elizabeth willneed to find subtle ways to accentuate her expertise, her advanced degree in Chemistry, andher role as Vice President. Further, she will need to demonstrate an intellectual flexibilitywhile allowing the French to show their ability to grasp complex issues and evaluatesolutions. . What should Elizabeth know about â€Å"high-context† vs. â€Å"low-context† cultures in Europe? Explain. Countries in Europe do not share the same cultural context; France is more high-context thanGermany. As a result, Elizabeth should pay especially close attention to the cultural contextof the communication including: the medium, the source, the setting, proxemics, paralanguageand ob ject language. 3. What should Elizabeth include in her report so that future executives and scientists avoidcommunication pitfalls?Elizabeth could help her peers by noting communications processes that worked and noting which processes failed. She should provide as much information about the communication context as possible. 4. How can technical language differ from everyday language in corporate communications? Technical language is often shared across cultures (the Arabic word for computer isâ€Å"computer†). Technical language is communicated through its own communication channels —papers, proceedings and journals. These journals are often, though not always, prepared inEnglish.While technical jargon creates a common or shared language on some levels, it doesnot eliminate the problems associated with cross-cultural communication 1. drawing from your understanding of verbal and nonverbal communication patterns from this chapter,explain what elizabeth moreno can do t o establish her position in front of french managers. how can she get them to help her accomplish her assignment in five days Since the only exposure elizabeth ever had before regarding her langauage barrier is her two weeks vacation in french. Elizabeth needs to develop her nonverbal communication instead with he fellow employees in French subsidiary by being her friendly and flexible self, showing a good manners, and having easy-to-talk-with facial expression. Because it is very important for Elizabeth to maintain having a good relationships with the employees at the office, she should at least mastered the french organizational cultures. 2. what should elizabeth know about high context versus low context cultures in europe ? how can this knowledge help her be successful there? First we need to know the definition of low context and high contex. Here are the brief explanations about itA low context culture is one in which things are fully (though concisely) spelled out. Things are made explicit, and there is considerable dependence on what is actually said or written. A high context culture is one in which the communicators assume a great deal of commonality of knowledge and views, so that less is spelled out explicitly and much more is implicit or communicated in indirect ways. In a low context culture, more responsibility is placed on the listener to keep up their knowledge base and remain plugged into informal networks.Low context cultures include Anglos, Germanics and Scandinavians. High context cultures include Japanese, Arabs and French. Implications Interactions between high and low context peoples can be problematic. Japanese can find Westerners to be offensivelyblunt. Westerners can find Japanese to be secretive, devious and bafflingly unforthcoming with information French can feel that Germans insult their intelligence by explaining the obvious, while Germans can feel that French managers provide no directionLow context cultures are vulnerable to c ommunication breakdowns when they assume more shared understanding than there really is. This is especially true in an age of diversity. Low context cultures are not known for their ability to tolerate or understand diversity, and tend to be more insular. Based on the aforementioned explaination, since Elizabeth have a job in French that has a high context cultere, she needs to mastered or at least has a decent understanding on how to communicate non-verbally with the employees. It will efectively help her to succeed there. 3. hat should elizabeth include in her report, and what should be the manner in which it is communicated so that future executives and scientists avoid communications pitfalls ? The report Elizabeth prepares for GPC must include the organizational cultures offered in the French subsidiary, She should include how the French employees socialize with each other, the way they speak, communicate and interact with each other. This will help assist future expat’s from getting culture-shock. Elizabeth could help her peers by noting communications processes that worked and noting which processes failed.She should provide as much information about the communication context as possible. Develop Cultural Sensitivity Elizabeth must inform her peers that it is very important to know the receiver and to translate the message in a form that will most likely be understood as anticipated. Employees must make sure there messages goes through to the receivers, in order to do that they should become aware of their own cultural and way of speaking and how it affects the communicating process in a different Country. . how can technical language differ from everyday language in corporate communications? Simply because when we talk about firms, corporates, etc it means we talk about organizational cultures with its formality. That automaticaly differentiate the use of language from everyday’s life language. Develop Cultural Sensitivity Elizabeth must inform her peers that it is very important to know the receiver and to translate the message in a form that will most likely be understood as anticipated.Employees must make sure there messages goes through to the receivers, in order to do that they should become aware of their own cultural and way of speaking and how it affects the communicating process in a different Country. Careful encoding In translating his or intended meaning into symbols for cross cultural communication the sender must use words, picturs or gestures that are appropriate to the recivers frame of reference. Language translation is only part of the encoding process; the message also Proemics-deals with the influence if proximity and space on communicatin with both personl space and office lay out.What should Elizabeth include in her report, and what should be the manner in which it is communicated so that future executives and scientists avoid communications pitfalls? The report Elizabeth prepares for GPC must include the organizational cultures offered in the French subsidiary and to develop cultural sensitivity, she should include how the French employees socialize with each other, the way they speak, communicate and interact with each other.This will help assist future expat’s from getting a culture-shock when in the country. Elizabeth could help her peers by explaining the communications processes that worked and failed. She should provide as much information about the communication context as possible. Elizabeth must inform her peers that it is very important to know the receiver and to translate the message in a form that will most likely be understood by both arties Employees must make sure there messages goes through to the receivers, in order to do that they should become aware of their own culture and way of speaking and how it affects the communicating process in a different Country. Elizabeth should also Present a proposal for the GPC to invest more money into Internati onal Human Resource management which will be able to provide more training for future employees and teach them how to speak the language, communicate in the host country and understand the culture, the hand gestures used in the country, what is acceptable and what is not.

Suffering builds character.

Suffering builds character. Tough challenges reveal our strengths and weaknesses. This statement is certainly true; adversity helps discover who we are. Hardships often lead us to examine who we are and question what is important in life. The hardships that we endure are the suffering we must go through. This is how character builds. It is often said that without any challenges or obstacles, a person's true character cannot be determined. Clearly, "A Separate Peace" by John Knowles, and "The Joy Luck Club" by Amy Tan demonstrate this point."A Separate Peace" takes place during wartime. No one dies in this book and no tragedies take place. Knowles focuses on the war within a human heart, a war that is affected by the events of World War II but exists independently of any real armed conflict. For Gene, every human being goes to war at a certain point in life; war meaning fighting within himself, within the mind of a human being.Amy Tan, authorFor most of Gene's classmates, WWII provides the catalyst of this loss, and each character reacts in it in his own way. Gene himself, though, states that he fought his own war while at Devon and killed his enemy there. The implication is that Finny was his enemy, casting an unwavering shadow over Gene's life. Gene suffers a guilt that was held within him every time he encountered Finny. He feels responsible for pushing Finny off the tree. During this time, he is constantly fighting himself. He looks in Finny to find himself. His own identity is revealed within Finny's character and because of that, Gene builds his own character. He learns to accept the truth but is afraid to. This suffering leads to his building of character which is a distinctive feature of Gene."A Joy...

Oedipus - defying the divine order

Oedipus - defying the divine order Through the character of Oedipus, Sophocles shows the futility and consequences of defying the divine order. Oedipus served Thebes as a great ruler, loved by his subjects; but it is his one tragic flaw, arrogance, which dooms his existence, regardless of the character attributes that make him such a beloved king.From the opening dialogue we sense the character of Oedipus. When confronted by his subjects praying for relief of the plague he reacts kingly and graciously, saying, "I am king, I had to come....How can I help?...Ask me anything. Anything at all." He obviously cares for the people in his kingdom, but he goes on to say how he pities "these poor shattered people of [his]." The pity he feels is based not only in his love and sympathy, but also his arrogance. Maybe this attitude is deserved, for Oedipus had solved the Sphinx's riddle, an apparently heroic feat, and was seen to be "greater than any man", but the leader that he had become still possessed the arrogant tendencies th at doomed him from the time he fled Corinth.Oedipus slaying the sphinx. Attic red-figured leky...It is impossible to imagine what may have happened to Oedipus if he had stayed in Corinth, but it is the attempt to avoid his fate that dooms him not only to fulfill the prophecy, but to suffer yet greater consequences. To think that he himself has the power to avoid the prediction from the Oracle of Apollo, shows that he did not feel humbled before Apollo. Punishment for this lack of faith takes the form of the plague which Apollo imposes on Thebes, an eventual consequence of Oedipus' defiance and arrogance towards him. (The death of Laios at the crossroads, was caused by Oedipus leaving Corinth.) The punishment of all of Thebes is infinitely worse than the original...

How Ford Motor Company Utilises The Marketing Mix To Influence Essay

How Ford Motor Company Utilises The Marketing Mix To Influence Consumer Buying Behaviour - Essay Example Ford maintains one of the most recognised brands in the world, creating brand recognition with historical emphases on quality and innovation. Currently, Ford is positioned under quality, with marketing emphasis on product in the marketing mix, utilising integrated marketing communications to give consumers the perception of product excellence, superiority and performance. Fortunately, global consumers’ having a high level of awareness of the brand makes it more simplistic for Ford to work on higher order aspects of marketing to build loyalty to the brand without having to concentrate on building brand recognition. â€Å"Ford is producing cars that critics and consumers are raving about† (Ritson 2010, p.2). However, how is the company able to establish positive perceptions about the brand and satisfy consumers so effectively to create such frenzy? This paper seeks to provide an explanation for how Ford builds brand loyalty toward the Ford brand. Various models of consume r behaviour serve to provide the necessary answer to this question. 2. Hierarchy of effects A considerable volume of consumer shopping behaviours are controlled in the subconscious and are not driven by cognitive awareness. In most consumption scenarios, â€Å"consumers are unaware that they are driven by motives† (Blackwell, Miniard and Engel 2006, p.216). This can complicate the process of building brand connection with consumer segments as consumers cannot always provide rational statements as to why they prefer one product over another. Because of this unconscious processing of consumer segments, it becomes increasingly important for marketers to understand the factors that assist in creating attitudes about a brand and what influences consumers about what brands to purchase. With a large amount of consumption behaviours being driven by instinctive or involuntary judgments, marketers must understand the factors associated with memory and cognition to create relevant and accepted promotional campaigns that build a more positive brand reputa tion. Figure 1: Hierarchy of Effects Model Source: Pauley Creative (2013). Hierarchy of Effects Model. http://www.pauleycreative.co.uk/2010/10/social-product-marketing-for-product-manufacturers-in-the-construction-industry/ The Hierarchy of Effects model indicates that consumers first build awareness and knowledge of the brand. The model illustrates that consumers go through a structured process that dictates how the consumer ultimately responds to marketing communications and brand, which is based on what they feel, think and perform (Pomoni 2010). The model illustrates that knowledge leads to linking and brand preference, ultimately allowing marketers to reward consumers for having conviction (preference) for the brand

The McCarthy Era That Affected The Russians in Hollywood Essay

The McCarthy Era That Affected The Russians in Hollywood - Essay Example (Freedland, Michael) The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) held a series of showbiz trials, the aftermath of which is recorded by Freedland in his book, Hollywood on Trial. Careers of more than 400 people in Hollywood were destroyed, and they were blacklisted by film producers, as they were not able to satisfactorily answer the question of whether they then were, or had ever been, Communists. This was a weird situation, as the Communist Party itself was not banned in the US, and its newspaper The Daily Worker continued to be published. Those who were hauled up for questioning had three options—that of perjury (denial of links that they had with the Communist Party), taking refuge under the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution, which protected them from implicating themselves, or invoking the rights to free speech granted by the First Amendment. Edward Dmytryk, of Ukrainian origin, was one among the ‘Hollywood 10’ who were imprisoned and harassed. After spending some months in prison, on account of refusal to cooperate, he later relented, and testified. He admitted to a briefly held membership of the Communist Party in 1945, and revealed the names of fellow members of the Party from the film industry. He stated that John Howard Lawson, Adrian Scott, Albert Maltz and several others had pressurized him to include Communist propaganda in his movies. Dmytryk, after a while, moved to England, where he made some low budget films, and then went on to direct films for top studios like Columbia, 20th Century Fox, MGM and Paramount Pictures. Later, in the seventies, he entered academia, teaching at universities. (Freedland, Michael) The other nine—of the Hollywood 10—were Alvah Bessie, Herbert J Biberman, Lester Cole, Ring Lardner Jr, John Howard Lawson, Albert Maltz, Samuel Ornitz, Adrian Scott and Dalton Trumbo. Most of these ten were forced to leave the film industry and do other jobs like working in restaurants or teaching. Several produced

Critique of any Psy article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique of any Psy article - Essay Example The first hypothesis examined the improvements in children’s drawing performance with increase in age. The second hypothesis tested the following pattern of metacognitive experiences with drawing performance. Further, children’s feelings before and after the drawing was also hypothesized. Finally, the fourth hypothesis tested metacognitive experiences development with respect to type and complexity of drawing tasks. A total of 222 preschool and primary school children between the ages of 4-12 years participated in conduction of the research. Out of the 222 selected children, 40 were preschool and 69 were second grade, 65 were fourth grade and 48 were sixth grade children with equal gender representation. Testing involved completion of four drawing tasks conducted individually in their respective schools. Children were provided with white sheets and a pencil, and asked to draw two simple topics of choice and two scenes in which one object was occluded by the other. Metac ognitive experiences were measured by rating of a four point scale before and after each task. Around 90 to 96 percent of agreement existed between the two judges marking the scores. ANOVAs were applied to compare the differences among the hypothesized subject groups. The research results concluded that age has significant effects on overall drawing performance of children.

Develop Productive Working Relationships with Colleagues Essay Example for Free

Develop Productive Working Relationships with Colleagues Essay D1. Develop productive working relationships with colleagues 4) How to identify conflicts of interest with colleagues and the measurements that can be used to manage or remove them A conflict of interest occurs when an individual or organisation is involved in multiple interests, one of which could possibly corrupt the motivation for an act in the other. An example of this between colleagues could be the staff wants to have training to gain more knowledge, but the manager wants them delivering sales therefore being on the phones so not to loose out on any business. These are two conflicts of interest, i. e. revenue the business makes vs. new learning skills the agents gain. The way to manage this is to ensure both interest of colleagues are satisfied or a compromise is allowed. For example the compromise could be that if the agents receive the learning sessions and are off the phones, that they have a shorter break to ensure the company is still getting money. This would resolve the issue and both parties would be satisfied. Assessing both sides when there are conflicts of interest is important, as it puts into perspective what affects each individual. This should be discussed possibly in a group meeting, and a solution put together to make sure everyone is happy with the final outcome. ) How to take account of diversity issues when developing working relationships with colleagues Diversity in a business means that the company has a diverse work force this can consist of a range of different cultures, men and women, people of many generations, people from ethnically and racially diverse backgrounds. A company that supports the diversity of its workforce can also improve employee satisfaction. Diversity is beneficial to both the business and the employees an d brings potential benefits such as better decision making and improved problem solving due to the different types of staff. Greater creativity and innovation, which leads to enhanced product development, and more successful marketing to different types of customers as each employee would have something different to Diverse businesses will be successful as long as there is a sufficient amount of communication within them, this is because people from different cultures perceive messages in different ways, communication is vital to the performance of the business But if there is miscommunication within a diverse workplace this will lead to a great deal of challenges, as the employees are going to be unclear on their goals/duties. When there is diversity in the business you need to make note that different people will have varied learning styles or preferred ways of management, it is good to take this into thought and find out more about the individual employee. This will ensure training and management is effective. 6) The importance of exchanging information and resources with colleagues It is vital to keep team members informed and up to date with any changes because they need to be aware of new information that may come into the business. When giving feedback it is always good to give a balance of both strengths and areas to improve on, this way it is not a negative occasions but the staff can also feel as if they are being praised for their performance at work, also known as â€Å"the positive/negative sandwich†. When giving feedback you must give the team an area to improve on, this way they can stretch themselves to achieve new targets and overachieve from the previous months. Giving the colleagues feedback allows them to realise their hard work is being noticed; also any negative points can be addressed and put back on track for improvement.

Incineration Is Not A Solution To Garbage Environmental Sciences Essay

Incineration Is Not A Solution To Garbage Environmental Sciences Essay With rapid population growth, garbage treatment becomes a global challenge since clean and safe disposal of garbage is technically difficult. In 2007, garbage crisis occurred in an Italian city called Naples which was plagued by garbage lying along the streets (Alessio V, 2008). Italian suffered mainly due to overfilled landfills. The crisis draws worldwide concern over waste management. Incinerator offers counter-measure to overflowing landfills. Incineration is one of waste treatment techniques involving thermal combustion of garbage to transform the waste intoÂÂ  heat, particulates, bottom ash and flue gases (Andrew K, 2005). Air pollution experts claim that technological breakthrough and strict regulation have resulted in no prominent threats posed by incineration. (Health protection Agency, 2009) However, hazards brought by incinerators remain significant and lingering. The aim of this paper is to assess deleterious consequences caused by incineration. Although modern incin eration has improved tremendously, its drawbacks are still overwhelming because of unsolved pollution problems, high cost relative to other viable alternatives and conflict between recycling and incineration. To begin with, three main types of pollutants are inevitably emitted during combustion of hazardous waste, which are heavy metals, unburned toxic chemicals and new pollutants formed during incineration. Firstly, toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and chromium are reported to be widely distributed in industrial refuse and household waste (Ole H et al, 2002). Metals cannot be destroyed by incineration. Even worse is that they are discharged in more concentrated and hazardous form after combustion (Greenpeace international, 2004). In addition, they are exhausted in form of microscopic gas particles, which increases the vulnerability of our respiratory systems. Obviously, incineration does not eliminate the threats posed by heavy but intensifies them. Secondly, highly poisonous dioxin and furan are produced in reaction among partially decomposed waste components (Greenpeace international, 2004). Particularly, they are more dangerous than original waste. Upon disch arge into atmosphere, dioxin can be carried by air and ocean to an area remote from the sources. Thirdly, incomplete combustion of waste results in escape of unburned toxic substances. Incinerator ash carries these unburned toxic substances to environment through chimney (Greenpeace international, 2004). Indeed, air pollution problem is deteriorated because numerous venomous products are generated during garbage combustion. Proponents argue that modern and well regulated incinerators only account for a small percentage of local pollution although the detrimental health effects of emissions on human are not certainly ruled out. According to Health Protection Agency, operators of modern incinerators are obligated to prevent violation of environmental regulations by pressing emission below the strict limits (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, U.K., 2009). Incinerators are equipped with latest devices such as scrubber, electrostatic precipitators and cyclone to capture harmful pollutants (Water Environment Federation, 2009). Only a small amount of air pollutants is then released from incinerators in comparison with obsolete counterparts. Consequently, the additional cost born by residents living near incinerators is almost negligible. For instance, over 90 percent of human exposure to dioxin is animal foodstuff such as dairy produce, meat, seafood and eggs, which contrasts with limited inta ke of dioxin through inhalation. Calculation demonstrates that incineration contributed less than 1 percent to UK total emission of dioxin (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, U.K., 2009). Seemingly, incinerator is only a minor source of exposure. Undeniably, air pollution control devices make flue gas cleaner but pollutants are neither destroyed nor vanished forever by technologists because the devices are designed to transfer toxic substances from exhaust to ash. On the other hand, substantial amount of captured exhaust refuse have to be buried in special landfills (Greenpeace international, 2000). Referring to the report from Greenpeace International, the highest concentration of pollutants has been found in residues accumulating inside control devices. They can leach out from the burial sites and immediately threaten neighboring water bodies (Greenpeace international, 2000). In short, this illustrates that advanced control equipment merely postpone the environmental impact by shifting the pollution problem from air to land. Quite the opposite, incineration is not a cost-effective option of waste management because of high operation cost per ton. Costs of any waste treatment systems have several determinants including level of technology, features of disposed materials, energy costs, land, labor, and financing costs. Despite the diversified factors, incineration is always more costly than alternatives. First of all, the operation cost per ton is at least twice as high as that required for landfills which are competent substitute of incineration (Rand T et al, 2000). Table 1 shows the figures for capital cost per ton per day of waste handled by recycling/composting in industrial nations and less industrialized nations or incineration in 2004. There is an enormous difference between the cost of recycling/composting and incineration. Table 1 Capital costs of incineration versus recycling and composting tpd = tons per day (Rand T et al, 2000) The cost required for recycling/composting varied from US$4000 to US$90000 for industrial nations and US$450 to US$5300 for industrializing nations. In general, the average cost required for recycling/composting was still considerably lower than incineration cost which amounted to at least US$136000. Incinerator advocates allege that the operation cost of incineration tends to reduce gradually because of technological advances. The drop in operation cost is primarily attributable to improvement in dewatering technology. Total solid concentration ranging from 27% to 30 % is produced by dewatering, which allows spontaneous combustion upon ignition (Water Environment Federation, 2009). Spontaneous combustion suggests that no auxiliary fuel is required so fuel cost saving is significant especially when fuel price is soaring during economic recovery. Moreover, if heat energy produced during combustion is recovered and converted into electricity, the costs may drop further by $30 to $50 per ton (Water Environment Federation, 2009). It can be predicted that ongoing development of incineration technology is likely to formulate more cost-reducing strategies for the future. On the contrary, technology tends to raise cost instead because latest air pollution control devices or facilities are expensive. Air pollution control devices add heavy cost to incineration. For instance, flue gas clean-up equipment is responsible for approximately 30% of the capital costs of a conventional incinerator in United Kingdoms (Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions of U.K. , 2000). Next, public awareness of health hazard caused by incinerators and increased emission limits in the United States forces incinerator owners to invest on updating obsolete and more polluting facilities. Apart from this, if special landfills were established to collect the toxic ash from residues in air pollution control devices, it would drastically increase operation cost (Brenda P, 2004). Besides, incineration hinders the development of recycling which is less expensive since they are incompatible. Incinerators require a minimum amount of trash to sustain daily operation and produce electricity (Confederation of Paper Industry, 2009). The need of garbage for fuel encourages product consumption and waste disposal and leads to keen competition for waste between recycling and incineration sectors. Furthermore, incineration projects divert funding from recycling programs to an extent that little money is left for them. For example, the Polish National Fund for Environmental Protection offered a loan to construct a waste incinerator in Warsaw, provided that the Warsaw authorities continued to fund waste separation and recycling (Brenda P, 2004). However, shortly after they received the loan, the Warsaw City Council cut budget for its recycling program. Apart from waste and funds, they also compete for government support as their development is subject to government regulat ions concerning pollution control as well as garbage disposal (Jeffrey M, 2006). Incineration upholders may refute the argument by claiming that garbage contents are diversified enough to satisfy both recycling and incinerators. They admit that both recycling and incinerators demand paper which has high energy value. Nevertheless, only paper which has been recycled so many times that its fiber-making ability was lost will be incinerated (Confederation of Paper Industry, 2009). Otherwise, it can be recycled. Similarly, paper unsuitable for recycling, including hospital wipes, will also be incinerated for energy (Confederation of Paper Industry, 2009). This suggests that despite the demand for the same waste materials, incineration and recycling rely on distinct sources of the same materials. Anyway, the problem lies on the adverse effect on social value toward waste but not what deserves incineration. Heavy dependence on incineration promotes the throw-away lifestyle, escalating waste problem. Unregulated manufacture of products and goods dismiss recyclability and reusability (Brenda P, 2004). According to Friends of the Earth, in Shrewsbury, Shropshire in England, incineration target decreased from 57% to 27% after the onset of incinerator operation (Shrewsbury Friends of the Earth, 2009). This finding shows that with waste figures decrease due to incineration, the absence of incentive and pressure discourages recycling. The above discussion summarizes the detrimental effects caused by incineration in term of pollution, financial cost and incompatibility with recycling. Undoubtedly, our world continuously and ubiquitously generates garbage which must be properly handled. However, we should not be obsessed with technological advances in incineration. Improved incinerators are not flawless, which solve old problems inefficiently and sometimes create new ones. Incinerators remain polluting, cost public and government heavily and threaten the survival of recycling activities. Incineration is, thus, not a solution to overflowing garbage. 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