What Was the Great Vowel Shift

The Great Vowel Shift was a series of systemic changes in the pronunciation of English vowels that occurred in southern England during the late Middle English period (roughly the period from Chaucer to Shakespeare). According to linguist Otto Jespersen, who coined the term, The great vowel shift consists in a general raising of all long vowels (A Modern English Grammar, 1909).  In  phonetic  terms, the GVS involved the raising and fronting of the long, stressed monophthongs.   Other  linguists have challenged this traditional view.  Gjertrud Flermoen Stenbrenden, for example, argues that the concept of a GVS as a unitary event is illusory, that the changes started earlier than has been assumed, and that the changes . . . took longer to be completed than most handbooks claim (Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1050-1700, 2016).   In any event, the Great Vowel Shift had a profound effect on English pronunciation and spelling, leading to many changes in the correspondences between vowel letters and vowel phonemes.   Examples and Observations By the early Modern English period . . . all the long vowels had shifted: Middle English Ä“, as in sweete sweet, had already acquired the value [i] that it currently has, and the others were well on their way to acquiring the values that they have in current English. . . .These changes in the quality of the long, or tense, vowels constitute what is known as the Great Vowel Shift. . . .The stages by which the shift occurred and the cause of it are unknown. There are several theories, but the evidence is ambiguous.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005) The evidence of spellings, rhymes, and commentaries by contemporary language pundits suggest that [the Great Vowel Shift] operated in more than one stage, affected vowels at different rates in different parts of the country, and took over 200 years to complete.(David Crystal, The Stories of English. Overlook, 2004) Prior to the GVS, which took place over around 200 years, Chaucer rhymed food, good and blood (sounding similar to goad). With Shakespeare, after the GVS, the three words still rhymed, although by that time all of them rhymed with food. More recently, good and blood have independently shifted their pronunciations again.(Richard Watson Todd, Much Ado About English: Up and Down the Bizarre Byways of a Fascinating Language. Nicholas Brealey, 2006) The standardization described by the GVS may simply have been the social fixation upon one variant among several dialectical options available in each case, a variant selected for reasons of community preference or by the external force of printing standardization and not as a result of a wholesale phonetic shift.(M. Giancarlo, quoted by Seth Lerer in Inventing English. Columbia University Press, 2007) The Great Vowel Shift and English Spelling One of the primary reasons that this vowel shift has become known as the Great Vowel Shift is that it profoundly affected English phonology, and these changes coincided with the introduction of the printing press: William Caxton brought the first mechanized printing press to England in 1476. Prior to mechanized printing, words in the handwritten texts had been spelled pretty much, however, each particular scribe wanted to spell them, according to the scribes own dialect. Even after the printing press, however, most printers used the spellings that had begun to be established, not realizing the significance of the vowel changes that were underway. By the time the vowel shifts were complete in the early 1600s, hundreds of books had been printed that used a spelling system that reflected the pre-Great Vowel Shift pronunciation. So the word goose, for example, had two os to indicate a long /o/ sound, /o:/--a good phonetic spelling of the word. However, the vowel had shifted to /u/; thus goose, moose, food, and other similar words that we now spell with oo had mismatched spelling and pronunciation. Why didnt printers just change the spelling to match the pronunciation? Because by this time, the new increased volume of book production, combined with increasing literacy, resulted in a powerful force against spelling change.(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010) Scots Dialects Older Scots dialects were only partially  affected by the Great Vowel Shift that revolutionized English pronunciation in the sixteenth century. Where English accents replaced the long uu vowel in words like house  with a diphthong (the two separate vowels heard in the southern English pronunciation of house), this change did not happen in Scots. Consequently, modern Scots dialects have preserved the Middle English uu in words like how and now; think of the Scots cartoon The Broons (The Browns). (Simon Horobin,  How English Became English. Oxford University Press, 2016)

Essay about The Main Component in the Civil Rights...

You can go through any school in the country and ask if any students know who Rosa Parks is. The majority of these students will say that she refused to give up her seat up to a non colored man. These students really dont know how impactful her decision had on the United States of America. She was really the main component of the civil rights movement and that’s why she is known as the â€Å"mother of the civil rights movement†. She stood up for what she believed in, and in doing that she sparked and created the stepping stones to the civil rights movement era. Rosa Parks was a african american civil rights rights movement activist, and she was known as the â€Å"mother of the freedom movement†. Rosa Louise McCauley was born in tuskegee, Alabama†¦show more content†¦But sadly enough the NAACP wasn’t getting the publicity from the court cases they pursued, in the areas they lost majority of their cases mostly had to involve in lynching, flogging, peonage, murder and rape. Rosa Parks did a lot to help with the NAACP but she didnt gain the attention or really stand out(Haskins). I will be explaining why the Montgomery bus boycott movement began and how it came about to really jumpstart the civil rights movement that greatly affects us today. During alabama in this time the law for bus riding for african americans was that they had to pay their fare in the front of the bus then walk out to the rear entrance and sit in the back of the bus, they were not allowed to sit toward the front, according to Mary Hall an american author who wrote the biography of Rosa Parks (Hull). Also african americans werent allowed to sit until all the white passengers were seated first, and that forces them to seat farther back or just stand until they arrive to their stop. What also is ridiculous is that is that they are not allowed to sit across from the whites in the same row (Academy of Achievement). Even throughout all these rules, some bus drivers would just close their doors and take off before they get on leaving them stranded to find another bus for transportation. Salah 3 In 1955 Rosa Parks was coming home from her occupation as a seamstress, and she was planning to use the montgomery bus station. She boarded the bus andShow MoreRelatedImpact Of The Civil Rights Movement1383 Words   |  6 Pagesworld (Gandhi). Throughout the American history, the greatest number of people through an awkward to live peacefully. The Civil Right Movement in the United states has been a long, primarily nonviolent attempt to bring full civil rights and justice under the law to all Americans. The movement has sustained a lasting impact on the United States society. 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Whose ideas about government greatly influenced the men who drafted the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution? John Locke The writings of John Locke, a British philosopher of the EnlightenmentRead MoreEssay on Gospel Music6236 Words   |  25 Pageswith it synchronized movements. (2) The gospel piano style was based on the rhythm section concept, where the middle of the piano was used to support the singers. This area supported the singers by doubling the vocal line in harmony. The bottom, left corner of the piano was used as a bass fiddle while the upper right hand portion played the counter melodies, taking theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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September 11 Attacks Essay Free Essays

What made the 9/11 attacks unique were several informational tactics and resources of the airport and the inexperience of the security. The terrorist were from Saudi Arabia, taught the essence of war with Al Qaeda in Afghanistan. The Al Qaeda Soldiers research the attack for years and bid the chance within the United States, while learning to fly planes. We will write a custom essay sample on September 11 Attacks Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now They navigated by the Airport security and went unnoticed in American culture. The plan was calculated and given out by Osama Bin Laden like any order from an Islamic religious leader. Osama Bin Laden frustrated with America had listed the reasons for this hatred. He was upset about US support of Israel in the holy land, Mecca in Saudi Arabia. This expectation spread western values throughout the Middle East. Many wondered how hijackers able to be so successful in the 9/11 attack. Al Qaeda are the type of soldiers who blend in and remain hidden in society. They had prior knowledge of how planes were flown and how to store weapons in the planes. Many of Al Qaeda worked for the airport, giving them time to research its layout. Around this time Many of the Al Qaeda didn’t have any criminal backgrounds, and they were provided Passports allowing them safe passage. The enemy had many months or close to a year to research the security and how to smuggle weapons and the fly plane. Around these time officers didn’t have much experience profiling allowing to go unnoticed them. This allowed up to eleven men to initiate the airport and the plane. It was many security measures seemed lacking with regard to the hijackers’ ability to board the planes and seize control of them. The main problem was the airport didn’t know how to profile these types of enemies. The history of war enemies against the USA were not explained to airport security and all they knew was to check people’s bags and passports. The enemies had prior knowledge of the airport allowing them to spread information. The enemy may have worked staff jobs and lived the citizens allowing them the attack on the world trade center. Also, it’s never been a huge attack so security on the plane wasn’t as strong, allowing an easy take over the civilians on the plane. Utility pocket knives with less than 4-inch blades were allowed, they said, and the guide provided no instruction.Wha t was the immediate official response to the attacks? It threw everything into Uproar because they attacked a huge landmark within the U.S, known as the Trade Center. Many people lost their lives in the plane and the trade center building and the airport security were made to testify for their failure. It boosted the awareness of the security staff to not allow any type of weapons or chemical that could cause explosion or fires. Security was now informed of dangerous overseas enemies and procedures to a lot of rules changed to ensure better security methods. The president had to make known are enemies and as well how citizens should report any suspicious activities which have stopped many incidents in the future. Which group suffered the largest loss? The trade center incident devastated many innocent lives of two thousand and people and wounded over six thousand producing ten billion in city damage cost. Additionally, Several people had cancer and respiratory problems which caused death to many after Attacks. America took a huge loss, and that’s what the Al Qaeda wanted and its religious leader. Al Qaeda sacrificed a few men, which killed tons of people which allowed them their revenge. Also, the Airport reputation was shamed for the reason of not being prepared for the 9/11 incident . All this came from lack of knowing dangerous people which created a radical system within the airports and more background checks.  What made the response to the attack in New York more challenging than the one in Virginia? They share a very similar problem showing that security is lacking in both the airports and in our universities. The New York incident was caused more from a total of 19 assailants while Virginia Tech had one student to commit the act. The Virginia Tech incident couldn’t compare to a billion dollars in damage and the lives which were 6000 killed and those of the plane. While at Virginia Tech students those who were killed happen to be thirty-two students In the incident. In both incidents, the attackers sacrificed their lives taking out many. As much as they could. The huge importance to stop weapons and increase security all around.  Why does a response across several jurisdictions present a challenge those in charge? The system of rules can easily change allowing different rules or different associations. It’s like the police could be in charge of crime and the suspect might be a war enemy of the country. The police would have to let the FBI or CIA takes care of that suspect or criminal. Just like the state government can’t change laws in the federal government almost that of hierarchy. Disobeying or crossing lines that shouldn’t be crossed by another hierarchy are against the rule or laws. If this rule wasn’t made other associations would do what they want. The systems are divided so no one association has to much power. Every association has its job and will sometimes have to call upon another or waiver to another authority. What can they do to overcome these challenges in the future? I think we need more.Information gathering which is important, the more the citizens inform law enforcement the safer it will be. I think also if the jurisdiction belongs to another association why fight the system. You should call upon that association and work together instead of stepping the line. Also I think security should step up and not go overboard it’s their job. Awareness can make can stop a lot of problems if the community and the government work together. How to cite September 11 Attacks Essay, Essays

Foundations of Academic Writing

Question: Discuss about theFoundations of Academic Writing. Answer: Introduction: According to Redpath et al (2015), all the species including human beings live in a shared environment. They interact with one another and develop a complex relationship network, which is termed as Ecosystem. However, the human beings are different to the other species because they can adapt to various environments to survive in the earth. The other animals survive through the process of natural selection and biological evolutions. Such a difference has enabled the human beings to dominate over other species and subjugate them. Nevertheless, within this shared environment the coexistence of the humans and the carnivorous wild animals are problematic as these wild animals threaten the lives of the humans. The conflict arises due to the dominating power of the humans and on the other hand, the nature of survival strategies and food habits of these carnivorous wild animals. The assignment will try to bring out the problem faced by the humans dwelling at the nearby areas of the wild anim als. Possible recommendations to overcome this problem will also be highlighted. Importance of the Study The increased human population has compelled them to inhabit in various places including in those areas, which are near to the forests. These people have to live in a threatening situation due to the apprehension of the wild animals. Therefore, it happens that before the wild animals could kill them, they kill the animals to ensure safety. However, the tolerance level varies from one place to another. As discussed by Redpath et al (2015), for example, in Sweden and United states, if anyone living near the forest sees any wolf he immediately kills the animal. This is not the case in India in which people shows a higher level of tolerance towards the wild animals. They only react if someone in their community is harmed or killed by them. Such situation arises because the wild animals cannot apply their reasoning and decide not to kill any human. According to Nyhus (2016), it is found that at least 10,000 conflicts occurred only in Karnataka, a state in India. It proves the relevance of the study. Thesis Statement There is no doubt about the conflict present in the planet between the wild animals and the humans. Now the questions are: Can this problem be solved? How can this problem be solved? The entire argument of this essay will try to answer these two questions. Humans and animals will always live in a conflict but both of them need to survive for the maintenance of ecological balance. An analysis on this issue will solve many other queries of the analytical minds. Here lies the importance of this assignment for the writers, as they will get many elements for the benefit of further research. Literature Review: In the three scholarly articles, the writers have gathered necessary data to analyze the prevalent situation. In the article by Karanth et al (2013), they have surveyed 398 houses of 178 villages within the reach of Ranathambore, Nagarahole and Kanha parks in India. Different attitudes that they have found among the inhabitants towards the wild animals are also analyzed to reach the desired conclusion. This case study will help to highlight the situation in India. Clark and Casey (2013), said in their article ,` we suggest strategies to resolve actual, on-the-ground conflicts with carnivores more effectively, change what these animals symbolize or mean to people, and improve the institutional system of wildlife management to operate in a more timely, fair, effective manner. Solutions can be found from this book. In the article by Meena et al (2014), they analyzed Gujarat State Departments monetary compensation records and took interviews to identify various human perceptions on wildl ife issues. Critical Thinking: Preview: Karanths work has validity for the current situation. Nyhus (2016) This article provides major research materials for the aspiring writers of this genre. Redpath et al (2015) One of the finest articles to untie the relevant issues of human-wildlife conflict. Baruch-Mordo et al (2013) Summary: Examining patterns of conflict and associated tolerance is important to devise policies to reduce conflict impacts on people and wildlife. Karanth et al (2013) This article summarizes recommendations from the workshop and introduces the other articles in this special issue of Human Dimensions of Wildlife. Clark and Casey (2013) With the increasing population size, lions have expanded their range and move throughout the Greater Gir Landscape in Western India. Meena et al (2014), Evaluation: We discovered that the number and severity of livestock depredations has increased over time despite a stable lion population in the GPA. Our spatial regression model identified that over a 10-year period, lion depredation tended to increase ( = 0.10, P .0001) in villages near GPA, though the spatial configuration of depredations was patchy. Meena et al (2014), Every 10years, the IUCN World park congress (WPC) brings together conservation experts from around the world to share information and ideas, and set a global policy agenda for protected areas. Clark and Casey (2013) Eighty percent of households reported crop losses to wildlife and 13% livestock losses. Karanth et al (2013) Analysis: We found that only fencing and guard animals reduce crop losses, and no efforts to lower livestock losses. Contrary to our expectations, carnivores were not viewed with more hostility than crop-raiding wildlife. Karanth et al (2013) The HWC recommendation was informed by a technical workshop that was part of the WPC proceedings. The workshop entitled Creating Coexistence Between Humans and Wildlife: Global Perspectives on Local Efforts to Address Human-Wildlife conflict combined vigorous debate on human-wildlife conflict issues with a technical focus on useful outputs for those working in the profession. Clark and Casey (2013) Currently, the agro-pastoral economy, land-use and cultural tolerance appear conducive to lion survival in the GPA region. However, for lion conservation to continue to succeed in the Greater Gir Landscape, conflict mitigation and the continued promotion of positive public perceptions of lion is imperative. Meena et al (2014) References Baruch-Mordo, S., Webb, C.T., Breck, S.W. and Wilson, K.R., 2013. Use of patch selection models as a decision support tool to evaluate mitigation strategies of humanwildlife conflict.Biological conservation,160, pp.263-271. Clark, T., Rutherford, M. and Casey, D. eds., 2013.Coexisting with large carnivores: Lessons from Greater Yellowstone. Island Press. Karanth, K.K., Naughton-Treves, L., DeFries, R. and Gopalaswamy, A.M., 2013. Living with wildlife and mitigating conflicts around three Indian protected areas.Environmental management,52(6), pp.1320-1332. Meena, V., Macdonald, D.W. and Montgomery, R.A., 2014. Managing success: Asiatic lion conservation, interface problems and peoples perceptions in the Gir Protected Area.Biological Conservation,174, pp.120-126. Nyhus, P., 2016. Human and Wildlife Conflict.Annual Review of Environment and Resources,41(1). Redpath, S.M., Bhatia, S. and Young, J., 2015. Tilting at wildlife: reconsidering humanwildlife conflict.Oryx,49(02), pp.222-225.