Buisness and the Recession

How AIG was affected by U. S. recession: AIG is an insurance corporation that is multinational. They have headquarters in New York City, London, Paris, and Hong Kong. In the year 2000, the company held the title for the 29th largest company in the world. Things took a turn for the worse in this company when, in 2008, they suffered from a liquidity crisis and its credit ratings were downgraded below â€Å"AA† level. AIG had to take out a number of down loans and had to sell a number of its subsidiaries to pay them all off. Source: Johnson, Rodney. â€Å"Is AIG a Tipping Point in This Recession? Chief Marketer Home Page. 24 Mar. 2009. Web. 14 May 2012. . How Sallie Mae was affected by U. S. recession: This Company was one of the few companies in business at this time of recession that was affected in a positive way. With more and more companies failing and people losing their jobs, this gives all Americans many more reasons to want to have higher education and provide their chi ldren with higher education. With the need for more education, comes all the extra costs, and with more and more people without jobs, there is a great increase in needing loans.That is exactly what this company’s strategy was and they took full advantage of the opportunity to give student loans to students across the country hoping for a successful future. Source: â€Å"Sallie Mae. † Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2012. Web. 14 May 2012. . How Lehman brothers was affected by U. S. recession: the Lehman brothers crisis first began when Britain’s biggest mortgage lender crashed 34 percent in early trading. Next, billions of dollars were wiped out when the FTSE fell below 4000 and it seemed to be all downhill from there.Within the next month following the Lehman Brothers crash, Bank of America took over Merrill Lynch and Mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac practically fell apart. Source: Gamm, Scott. â€Å"Three Years Ago: Lehman Brothers Collapse d. † How to Save Money, Reduce Debt and Manage Credit Cards. 15 Sept. 2011. Web. 14 May 2012. . Government action: In response to the economies recession the government took a number of actions. Programs were put in place called automatic stabilizers that would increase spending or cut taxes to whoever was impacted by the ecession, without new legislation. Actions were taken by the Federal Government in support of the housing and financial markets, increases in discretionary spending, and the passing of stimulus bills. Source: Romer, Christina D. â€Å"From Recession to Recovery: The Economic Crisis, the Policy Response, and the Challenges We Face Going Forward. † The White House. White House, 22 Oct. 2009. Web. 14 May 2012. . Do you feel any of the companies played a role in creating the current recession or their own financial hardships?Do you feel they should have been more prepared to overcome financial hardships? Why or why not? I think for the most part, companies did the best they could to avoid recession, but when it comes to creating their own financial hardships, taking out multiple loans did not help any of the companies at all. I do agree that yes, they should have been more prepared to overcome the financial hardships and have more options instead of putting themselves further into debt. Should the government get involved in â€Å"bailing out† major U.S. corporations? Why or why not? If the government can be of any help that doesn’t push themselves or the company into further damage then I don’t believe there is any reason not to. Should companies be required to pay the government back? Yes absolutely. The governments money comes from us, the citizens and it is not fair that we would have to be paying off someone’s financial burdens without the government being paid back, because then we would be having to give more money when we may have financial burdens of our own.

Girl Before the Mirror Essay

The painting by Pablo Picasso â€Å"Girl Before the Mirror† was the painting that caught my attention because at first glance I notice a woman adjusting the mirror as she is looking at her reflection; this is something I do every day. I gazed longer at the painting and the woman’s appearance seems to be younger in the mirror, perhaps she is reflecting on her past (youth). The dialogue taking place in this story is with herself as she is reflecting on the many years that have passed and how her appearance has changed. Her pregnancy has captured her attention to the changes in her life. The painting reflects the past, present, and future. The different colors, lines, and shapes tell a story about her development. The colors in the mirror are deep dark in color representing a faint memory of what once was. Looking at herself in the mirror gives her a sense of relief yet pain. She can still see a little of her youth in the mirror, which easies some of her distress as she is aging knowing one day that the memories of her youth will soon fade. The long strokes of lines and curves in the mirror by her face and around her head display a covering a sense of innocence; before she has known a man intimately. The lines in the lower area of her body in the mirror shows it is still in development as the lines are arched up and not down in a drooping manner as with age. Her body has not set firmly in position so it appears altered in the mirror just like a teenager starting puberty; one breast grows larger than the other. In her conversation with herself she knows her innocence has vanished, and a development is changing her life once again; the baby growing within her. The circles remind me of life. There is a beginning and an ending. The circles in this painting are in locations of the body that develop at a much faster pace than the rest of the body. The breast is developing in the mirror as the breast of the women looking at herself has full bulging breast because of her pregnancy. The circle in the stomach area in the mirror is low; the uterus, and it is still n the development stage. The circle in the stomach area of the women looking at herself in the mirror is fully developed. The black thick circle is completed meaning the uterus is fully developed and the green color almost filling the inside of the thick black circle is the womb. It is almost time to bring forth the baby into the world and life begins for the baby and the women looking at herself in the mirror. The circle on the elbow symbolizes the joints of the bones and is completely developed and aging. In pregnancy the baby will draw the calcium from the mother’s bones making the joints age and hurt. Her circle eyes in the mirror not fully develop like a baby’s ultrasound picture shows her childlike innocence. When a child looks at you unsure of something, his or her eyes become round in curiosity. The women looking at herself is thinking â€Å"where is my youth. I do not remember it fading away and I am starting a new chapter in my life and as I reflect on my new life with child I have to cope with my youth fading away. Thinking to herself further â€Å"will I remember my past,† as she looks at herself in the mirror; seeing a dim fraction of her youth. I believe this piece of art symbolize â€Å"reflection. † The mirror is the object of focus; at some point in life one looks back at the past whether it is in thought, pictures, or video. The days go by so fast and in the everyday activity of life that time becomes precious as it is very limited. If one does not stop to reflect on it (life) once in a while life will just pass them by like a shadow from the side of your eye that quickly disappears when you try to focus upon it. The very purpose of the painting may be to stop and reflect on the past; where you have been or accomplished in your life, and where you may see yourself in the years to come. The artist drew this painting to express his thoughts on what he was thinking at the time. The mirror is a symbolism object that the artist used to allow the viewer to relate and interpret his thoughts. The artist must have been aging at the time he drew the picture and his thoughts reflected his emotions. I believe he used a woman because women are emotional and symbolizes life. The women’s body produces life and before life can begin it has to develop. The baby develops in the womb and at the right time the baby is born and life starts. In time life changes from baby to toddler, adolescence, and adult, and one must take time to reflect on it before it is gone. In concluding the mirror represents reflection of what you see and what was and perhaps what will come; age. If you do not take time to reflect on yourself life will pass by just like a circle there is a beginning and an ending. The beginning of the circle is the start (birth) and as life develops the ending becomes closer to the beginning and once it touches life is complete. There will be no time left to reflect on life as it has passed by. The painting does not just represent females but males too. The painting is about life and reflecting on oneself before time runs out. There is a time for birth and a time to give birth but people in time will pass away. My first emotion when viewing the painting was time. One cannot buy time or stop time it keeps going despite of what is going on in it.

Human Resources Development Annotated Bibliography

Human Resources Development - Annotated Bibliography Example The source discusses the dynamics of employee training in reference to HRD climate in public and private commercial banks of Nepal. This is a journal article, which forms a reliable scholarly source. The article has updated information, easy and clear information and thus relevant to this study. Chi, H., Lan, C., & Dorjgotov, B. (2011). The influences of organizational culture and human resource development on R&D organizational effectiveness - the mediating effect of knowledge management. Journal of International Management Studies, 6(1), 1-12. This source uses a hypotheses model to evaluate the relationship between organizational culture, human resource development (HRD), and organizational effectiveness. The source equally defines human resource development and draws its significance in a business setup. Moreover, the source defines the four dimensions of Human resource development and utilization that include training and development, goal communication, support for the personal initiative, and involvement in decision-making. Additionally, the source establishes the importance of organizational performance and effectiveness in maintaining high HRD. The information in this journal article is easy to read and understand, current, not biased, and hence reliable for this study. The source describes the importance of human resource development, the need to tailor the HRD according to the organization’s strategy and structure, and the reasons why companies train and educate employees. In addition, the source relates human resource development and human resource management (HRM0 and relates the model for systematic training to HRM and HRD. Furthermore, the source discusses the mechanisms for evaluating human resource development. The information in this source is clear, easy to understand, and not biased.  

Fire Department Safety Officer Week 3 - Smoke Essay - 1

Fire Department Safety Officer Week 3 - Smoke - Essay Example Heat exhaustion on the other hand, is the bodys reaction to an extreme loss of salt and water, generally through extreme sweating (Corbett, 2009). These two types of stress affect firefighters in the following ways. Firefighters find themselves in a situation where they have to assess the conditions to determine how to deal with the incident. When dealing with highly hazardous energy, they need to have knowledge on the source of the energy, its transmission and related risks. Although firefighters are highly trained professionals, there are certain conditions they face which cannot be controlled. Firefighting is a risk-taking job, and when firefighters are in an incident, they are exposed to excess heat and smoke. They are usually very active to ensure that, they contain the fire by following all the laid down procedures. Their body temperatures rise as a result of their work and as well as the high temperatures in their work environment. This leads to heat stroke and heat exhaustion stresses to some or to all the firefighters dealing with the fire incident. Treat heat stroke patients by moving them to a cool, shaded area, and cool them using various methods such as wetting their clothes. Treat heat exhaustion patients by having them rest in a cool, shaded area, and having them drink plenty of water (Corbett,

Ethics and Accountability In Forensic Mental Health Essay

Ethics and Accountability In Forensic Mental Health - Essay Example He was violent with a nurse when she tried to give him an injection. He does not want to sleep for fear that he will be harmed. Wayne also abuses drugs (primarily marijuana) which seems to increase his paranoia. No treatment should be provided against the patients will, unless withholding treatment would endanger the life of the patient and/or of those who surrounded him or her. Treatment must always be in the best interest of the patient (As cited in Steinert et al., 2005, p. 635). In Waynes case, withholding treatment both for medicine and mental health has exacerbated his paranoia and his behaviour. In this case, it is ethically correct to give him the medication against his will in order to stop him from causing harm to himself or others. To put Wayne into the hospital, the police or the hospital would have had to use informed consent with him. In other words, they would need to be aware of Waynes privacy and they would have had to follow the principles of beneficence and malfeasance (do no harm) (American Mental Health Counsellors Association (AMHCA) Code of Ethics). Also, they must tell Wayne what is going to happen to him, how they will use any information received and the type of treatment he can expect. Since Wayne is an adult and he does not want his family to be contacted, under the law and under ethics they cannot tell his family. This may go against what the health practitioners think but it would be important to honour his wishes. Wayne appears delusional. According to his account, he has magic spells being put on him by witches. He states that the police took him to the hospital. He sees himself as a victim of this situation, and sees all those around him as his enemies. According to his account, his actions are due to his anticipation of how others are going to treat him or are currently treating him. Howe (2008) states that clinicians must tell patients the truth about their conditions no matter what

What you think quality is and your perceptions of quality Essay

What you think quality is and your perceptions of quality - Essay Example Quality is a highly desirable concept that is normally and sometimes wrongly associated with money especially in matters of ostentation goods. People have been known to buy products, especially jewelry for exorbitant prices simply because they are stocked in high-end stores, others purchase the same in different shops for lower prices but the two stores may be selling identical products. The word is normally used in business and advertising by firms that wish to convince their customers that their products and services are the best. However, despite the term being relative, in many commodities the standards of quality set are quite inflexible and have to be enforced. This is because the quality of goods such as food, medicines and construction materials cannot be compromised and for any of these and other commodities whose misuse could lead to damage or loss of life and property. Therefore, quality cannot be left in the hands of money-minded producers of uniformed consumers. As a result, many countries have quality assurance bodies mandated with the task of licensing products and declaring them fit for consumption, or use before they can be allowed into the distribution chain. One of the main hindrances to achieving to achievement of quality standards is the increasing rate at which goods are pirated, and fake products are passed for the real products. This costs th e manufactures millions each year and risks customer’s lives by selling them substandard

The Negligence In Term Of Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Negligence In Term Of Law - Essay Example The above definition has been taken from the case of Ryland. According to the Civil Act 2002 Section 42, the first part of negligence is the duty of care:â€Å"the standard of care required of the defendant is that of a reasonable person in the defendant’s position who was in possession of all the information that the defendant either had or ought reasonably to have had, at the time of the incident out of which the harm arose†   After ascertaining that there was a duty of care, the plaintiff has to prove that there was a breach of such duty, which resulted in an injury to the Plaintiff. In order to establish negligence as a Cause of Action under the law of torts, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant had a duty to the plaintiff, the defendant breached that duty by failing to conform to the required standard of conduct, the defendant's negligent conduct was the cause of the harm to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff was, in fact, harmed or damaged.The defense of Marv in would be the appropriate precaution of risk, and before concluding that argument let us define and precaution of risk as covered in the Act:â€Å"A person is not negligent in failing to take precautions against a risk of harm unless— (a) The risk was foreseeable (that is, it is a risk of which the person knew or ought to have known); and (b) the risk was not insignificant; and (c) in the circumstances, a reasonable person in the person’s position would have taken those precautions.†... The defence of Marvin would be appropriate precaution of risk, and before concluding that argument let us define and precaution of risk as covered in the Act: â€Å"A person is not negligent in failing to take precautions against a risk of harm unless— (a) the risk was foreseeable (that is, it is a risk of which the person knew or ought to have known); and (b) the risk was not insignificant; and (c) in the circumstances, a reasonable person in the person’s position would have taken those precautions.†4 Marvin has the defence of saying that he took enough precaution against the risk, but the pothole was in such a place that any other person in a similar situation would not have been able to avoid the accident. Along with this fact, the bike did not get damaged and Norton faced injury due to the fact that he had already been injured at the spot where he fell, which resulted in the aggravation of such injury. The right of Marvin is to sue the University of Canberra under the common law principle for not taking enough precaution in order to avoid the pothole where the bike crashed. He can transfer the liability onto the college by arguing on the basis of negligence on the part of college through not maintaining the University campus in the right order. The liability of Marvin is the fact that his actions caused injury to Norton, and on top of that he was drunk while he was riding. He did not take enough care and precaution when he knew while being drunk he should not have ridden the bike. Moving onto Norton, let us first deal with his liability. Norton was the one who introduced Marvin for drinking to drown his sorrows. From this point it can be inferred that he was totally aware of what was

Environmental Service Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Service Project - Essay Example There are doing this as a way of starting a new community of the plants in different locations in the park. All these activities lead towards restoring the park by creating a complete new phase that ensures environment conservation. It was on a Sunday morning when I and my other five friends visited Lewis Park not to admire its beauty but on a volunteer service. We were not the only volunteers in the park as there were others who had also come to offer their services. The team leader divided the entire group into two smaller groups for easy management and work accomplishment. The first group was to shovel the dirt that there was on the ground. I joined the second group that had to work on several tasks. Since one of the activities at the park was trimming back plants and relocating them, we were supposed to pick up the branches from the ground (Green Seattle Partnership, 2015). You will agree that a place looks messy with branches of trees all over. We had to pick up the branches from the ground so as to make the environment look clean and smart. Some branches can be dangerous to human beings using that surrounding as they could cause injuries due to pricking. I know a friend who got infected because of getting injured by a cedar tree branch and had to undergo treatment. We were, therefore, making the environment safe for use by all the users in the park. Our group also had to rake the leaves and other small branches that we could not easily pick up with our hands. The importance of the activity was to ensure that we clear the ground entirely so as to prevent sprouting of weeds that could affect the plants. After raking the leaves and the small branches, we had to put them into a pail to make it easy for transportation. We were required to pour the leaves and branches down the hill where preservation would take place for future use as manure on the farm. It was quite

Nissan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Nissan - Essay Example These cars were developed first in the late 1960s and have continued to be modified to adapt to the changing the changing trends to date. On the other hand, there is the Nissan Patrol is a suburban utility vehicle (SUV) that was developed around 1951 to compete with car brands such as Toyota’s Land Cruiser. This car has been advanced over the generations and currently it is in its sixth generation, which began in 2010. The Patrol occurs has a four-wheel drive and is available in either short-wheelbase with three doors or long-wheelbase with five door chassis. Both cars come in a variety of models that have continued to attract customers due to the continued development. The development of Nissan Skyline GT-R brand has a long history that is linked to the previous products developed by Nissan. Prince Automobile Company was the first company to use the word ‘Skyline’- they developed sedan cars that fell on a line of Skyline products. However, after the merger with Nissan-Datsun, it adopted the Skyline series of cars. Skyline cars were developed with rear wheel drive, an aspect that continued to the 1990s when other manufacturers started focusing on shifting the drive to the front wheels. The adoption of the GT-R cars for racing purposes made them to have direct market while at other instances some of the versions such as the KPGC110 2000 GT-R made very little sales, a situation that was attributed to a looming energy crisis at the time. Just before the development of Nissan Skyline GT-R, there was the S54 2000 GT-B that was a powerful racecar at the time. The GT-R series saw the development of PGC10 2000 GT-R, which made very impressive wins over a period of almost two years. There were a number of racing victories that were associated with this particular car from 1964 to the time it was discontinued in 1972. The Nissan Motorsport (Nismo) has been on the forefront of developing this car to

Demand & Supply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Demand & Supply - Essay Example is because of the fact that there is lack of new houses in Scotland that would be ready for sale and hence the prices of the existing properties are going up. Along with the demand in the housing properties, the demand for housing rental is also increasing simultaneously. The essay looks into the different aspects of demand and supply of housing and how the prices change in responses to the changes in the demand for properties for residence. The first part of the essay makes a general discussion of the theories underlying the demand and supply for a commodity. The later part looks at the various aspects of the theories applied to this article under consideration. Relevant figures have been provided to support the essay. The quantity demanded is the amount of product that the consumers are willing to pay at the market determined price. The law of demand states that as the price of the products increase the demand for the products decreases and when the price of the product decreases the quantity demanded of the product increase, other things remaining constant (Samuelson and ‎ Nordhaus, 2010). This inverse relation between the price and the quantity demanded is shown with the help of the figure below. In the figure it can be seen that when the price of the product is P2 the quantity demanded is Q2. When the price of the product increases to P1 the quantity demanded reduces to Q1. On the other hand when the price decreases to P3 the quantity demanded increases to P3. This proves the inverse relationship. There are several factors that may affect the demand for the product. First of all, the changes in the price of the products may affect the demand for the product as demonstrated in the figure above. This would be a movement along the demand Secondly, if the income of the individuals increase there would be a shift of the demand curve outwards in the price quantity space. This means that the as the income of the individuals increase the quantity demanded would

The Baskivilles so sucessful over 100 years after it was written Essay Example for Free

The Baskivilles so sucessful over 100 years after it was written Essay The fast dynamic is emphasised by the exclamation marks, the short, snappy sentences and the abundance of commas. These three factors also add a lot of suspense to the book. This pacey style to the book was something that was unique in Victorian Times and has become more common in the modern day but because of Arthur Conan Doyles unique writing style it is a book that stands out from the other and is still loved today. As Doctor Watson is the main character it brings out a rather mean and arrogant side to Homes that has not been seen in any of the previous books. This may be because Arthur Conan Doyle by this time (his fifth Sherlock homes book) was so sick of writing Sherlock Homes books that he decided to make him a mean man in order to decrease his popularity in the hope that he would not have to write any more. This contrast to his other books gives the reader a different interest and another portal to explore, thus ironically making the novel popular for all readers. An example of Homes arrogance is seen near the start of the book when Homes says to Watson It may be that you yourself are not luminous, but you are yourself a conductor of light. This rather subtle insult means that Dr Watson gets it so wrong all the time that it helps Sherlock Homes get to the correct answer by a process of elimination. However, ironically Sherlock Homes gets vital things in the book wrong giving him a hypocritical side after he criticised Dr. Watson for always getting things wrong. An example of Sherlock Homes getting it wrong was when he misinterpreted the thickness of the fog putting Sir Henrys in life danger after he was used as bait to draw the hound in. The set is also very important in the success of the book. Dartmoor is unfamiliar countryside that was very similar in 1902. The similarity in Dartmoor between 1902 and the modern day gives both readers a sense of reality and makes the book more realistic, even in the modern day. The unfamiliar, gloomy and mysterious setting of Dartmoor makes it a good place to hide the hound. The many caves and cliff faces also make it easy for the Hound to be hidden and this gives the book another sense of believability. The novel relies heavily on the people of the moor being superstitious and believing in supernatural events. For example the hound itself is believed to be a figure of imagination and superstition. Many people in 1902 were heavily superstitious but nowadays superstition is around in a much milder form. For example many people suffer from Triskaidekaphobia (the fear of the number thirteen) but it has never caused much harm to anyone. But because superstition is still around it makes the supernatural events in the book intriguing and believable thus contributing to the overall success of the book. Overall I feel that the main reasons why The Hound of the Baskervilles is still so successful is because of the reputation of the author Arthur Conan Doyle and the fact that his legacy has been passed down though families. I also feel that his unique writing style makes this particular book stand out from books written by other authors and published at a similar time. His unique writing style adds suspense, drama, unpredictability and believability and I feel that these are the crucial factors in why The Hound of the Baskervilles is so successful over 100 years after it was written. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Conan Doyle section.

Workplace Discrimination Policies in Canada

Workplace Discrimination Policies in Canada Discrimination in the Workplace Richard Yang Abstract Despite the establishment of various human rights laws, regulations and acts on the issues of equality in Canada, some individuals still experience some form of discrimination. This is evident especially in the area of job allocations and employment. Such people include women, especially pregnant women, persons with disabilities and even radicalized people like the aboriginals, Indians and people of colour. This paper will provide a critical analysis of this issue. A brief description of the situation will be provided. This will be followed by the reasons for the status quo and later, recommendations to improve the situation will be provided. Introduction Canadian workers are protected against discrimination by a number of laws. These include theCanada Labour Codeor the Canadian Labour and Employment Equity Act. In addition to this, each province in Canada has established their own individual human rights regulations and labour legislation law to help regulate human treatment and behaviour in the workplace. The criminal code also has clauses for protection against discrimination and against any form of sexual harassment and physical assault. However, despite all these developments, discriminationis still a great issue in the Canadian workplace (Canada, 2013). Various scholars have examined this area but the literature available is still not sufficient. This research paper will provide much needed information by examining the issue of discrimination at the work place and provide the possible reasons why this occurs. Lastly, this paper will provide recommendations for improvement of the situation. There are different forms of discrimination at the work-place. These include, race discrimination (Colour, Ethnic Origin, Creed, Place of Origin or Ancestry), wage discrimination, gender discrimination, sex discrimination, sexual discrimination (e.g. Pregnancy), age discrimination, sexual orientation discrimination, disability discrimination, religious discrimination, family status, record of offences and based on political affiliation. The Canadian Human Rights Act provides protection against all the above-mentioned forms of discrimination (Canada, 2013). The definition of labour force discrimination can be delicate. It can be defined as the different treatment of two equally qualified individuals on account of one or more of the various grounds of discrimination. The different methods against which a person may be discriminated against, according to theCanadian Human Rights Act, are referred to asdiscriminatory practices. Federal employers are not allowed by law to discriminate against any of their employees. They are actually obligated to accommodate an employee’s individual circumstances that relate to protected grounds of discrimination. This is referred to as the duty to accommodate. If one works for or receives services from an organization or firm that is regulated by the federal government and has experienced discrimination under any of the grounds, one should to complain (Canada, 2013). According to Goldring Landolt (2013), discrimination occurs in a number of areas and in different ways in the workplace, such as: In recruiting and selecting staff In giving terms, conditions and mostly benefits offered as part of employment Giving training in the workplace In considering and selecting people for transfer, dismissal, promotion or even retrenchment Selecting people for disciplinary action Denying an employee goods, services, accommodation or access to some facilities Providing them with goods, services, accommodation or facilities in a way that treats them differently or adversely. Denying someone perfectly qualified employment or unfairly allocating them a ghetto status in the workplace. Putting up policies or practices that demean some people. Paying differently when employees they are doing same works of the same value. Retaliating against an employee who has filed a complaint against them to the Commission of human rights. Openly harassingsomeone at the workplace A bank putting up lending and borrowing rules that obviously make it unreasonably difficult for new immigrants to get loans. This is discrimination based on race and national or ethnic origin. A person being referred to secondary screening at an airport because of their skin color. This is a discrimination case based on the color of the skin. An employer assigns shifts to employees without consideration for religious observance. An employer’s stating physical fitness requirements that clearly are based on the capabilities of a 25 year old instead of the actual requirements of a job. This is a case of discrimination based on age. A female employee who performs well in the job gets pregnant. The employer soon looks for performance issues order to dismiss her. A work policy provides benefits to some selective married couples, but not to others. This may be a case of discrimination based on sexual orientationand/ormarital status. On the ground offamily status; a woman after giving birth cannot be able to do night shifts. The employer fails to allow her flexibility to work on dayshifts. An employer setting up policies that require all the employees to have a driver’s license. People with a disability are directly discriminated against this way. This can be a case of discrimination based on disability grounds. A person can also be denied a job due to a previous conviction which was pardoned or suspended. Reasons for Employee Discrimination Various reasons contribute to the problem of discrimination at the work-place in Canada. Firstly, there is a difficulty of inadequately trained employees. Tribe, Curlis, Etheridge, Quarry, Ash Training Point.Net (2009) argue that even in the human resources departments that could be described as the most effective, inter-employee discrimination cannot be adequately contained. They argue that the best way to adequately contain this menace is to ensure that the employees are adequately educated about the laws against discrimination and about any internal rules to guard against discrimination that a certain company has adopted. Secondly, failure on the part of the employers to guard against the paper has also contributed to this menace. According to Crosby, Stockdale Ropp (2007) many employers have been identified to treat their respective evaluation systems as a formality. Most of them have been shown to hand out satisfactory ratings to the employees that show up to work in a timely manner and during firing, records of misconduct are also not kept. These researchers recommend the need for the documentation of the failings of the borderline workers. The records are to ensure that their termination of employment is supported by the paper trail. Thirdly, according to Tribe, Curlis, Etheridge, Quarry, Ash Training Point.Net (2009), many people are very ignorant of the law. They argue that even if someone has gone for the best training and awareness, their argument brings out the notion that, even those that have gone for the best training and awareness programs require to have knowledge about the law. They describe most rules about discrimination in the work-place as self-evident although they accept that there are others that are a surprise. For instance, a program on testing that has a disproportionate effect on a class that is protected may be termed discriminatory unless it boosts the performance of a job. Addition to this, Crosby, Stockdale Ropp (2007) state that when employees are not adequately screened prior to getting hired, the resultant workforce may be made up of employees that do not have the willingness to show respect to their colleagues. This is very true of the Canadian work-force because VisionPoint Productions (2002) have shown that nearly 90% of all the employers in Canada do not conduct background checks on their employees prior to employment. They suggest that a proper check be conducted about the employee’s criminal past and with the previous employers to as a measure to guard against discrimination in the work-place. Furthermore, some individuals have been reported to receive discrimination complaints with skepticism. However, with the current laws and regulations, this kind of behavior ought to end to avoid being sued. Proper investigations should be conducted (VisionPoint Productions, 2002). People occasionally have misplaced loyalty. It is an accepted statement that people have to change. As they do, the standards of acceptable conduct also change. Exemplary employees change and turn to liabilities in their respective work-stations. Liability here is because of their inability to adapt to the ever-changing standards of the work-place. By so doing, they expose their companies to possible law suits (Crosby, Stockdale Ropp, 2007). Occasionally employees may have a lot of unsupervised leisure time. The leisure allows them to occupy themselves with things that are not constructive; one of those things may be discriminatory. According to Crosby, Stockdale Ropp (2007) most of the employees that have lots of unsupervised leisure times end up behaving in a discriminatory way. Various other things may also lead to discrimination in the work-place. These include; excessive personal expression, failure for some employees to recognize when they are involved in conflicts and the mixing of ethnicities, genders and generations in the work-place. Although, mixing up may look advantageous, in the long run, it may lead to many disadvantages including discrimination (VisionPoint Productions, 2002). Acts, Laws and Regulations against Discrimination The Employment Equity Act The Employment Equity Act is defined in Canadian law. It requires federal employers to engage in employment practices which aim to increase the representation of the four designated groups. The groups include women, people living with disabilities, the Aboriginal people andthe visible minorities.The Act also has a special emphasis on equity. It reaffirms the need to not only treat people with equity but to also ensure that there is fairness in the way people are treated according to their different capabilities (Vosko, 2006). Employers are required by law to remove barriers to employment, those which disadvantage the four designated group, members. These employment barriers are for instance; wheelchair inaccessible buildings, or even practices that specifically make those designated people uncomfortable. Furthermore, employers are also required to put in place positive policies for the recruitment, training or promotion of the members of the designated groups. Such positive policies may include recruiting from Aboriginal communities, advertising for jobs in a foreign language for the minor group or even a training program for people living with disabilities (Vosko, 2006). The idea for the employment Equity was established in the 1984 Abella Commission which was chaired by JudgeRosalie Abella. In the place of affirmative action, she came up with the term â€Å"employment equity† specifically for the Canadian context. Her report later became the base for the establishment of the Employment Equity Act in 1986. It was later amended in 1995. The Act aims at achieving equity in the workplace and ensuring that no one is denied the benefits of employment or employment opportunities for reasons that are not related to capability. This legislation emphasizes that it is specifically aimed at rectifying the forms of discrimination experienced by aboriginal peoples, women, minority groups and people with disabilities in the workplace. It advocates for equity in the workplace and integration of special measures within the work-place to have these groups treated fairly according to their capabilities (Vosko, 2006). According to Vosko (2006), theEmployment Equity Acthelped ensure that all Canadian citizens had equal access to the labor market. It also required employers to ensure the full representation of members of the four designated groups in their companies. The four designated groups are: Women The Aboriginal people Persons living with disabilities Members of visible minorities The act dictates that employers should ensure equality in the workplace by; Determining if all the designated groups are represented at every level of the organization’s workforce Identifying employment barriers if any Working with all the employees in developing a plan that promotes full representation of the designated groups According to Vosko (2006), the responsibility for giving effect to the act is laid on these departments and commissions. These include; The Human Resources and Skills Development, Canada: It advices and provides the employers with the tools required to abide by the act. They also collect employment equity reports in the private sector. TheCanadian Human Rights Commission: It conducts audits of compliance for all the federally regulated businesses, corporations and public sector organizations. TheTreasury Board Secretariat: This maintains databases on availability and representation of members of the designated groups in all federal public sector organizations. Furthermore, it tables the federal public sector annual reports on employment equity to the Canadian Parliament. ThePublic Service Commission: develops policies in the sectors of staffing and recruitment and ensures proper application of theact by all the departments and agencies. The Canadian Human Rights Act The act prohibits discrimination of persons on the basis of, race, ethnicity, gender and other grounds. It continues to be in force together with the Employment Equity Act. The main difference between the two acts is that the Canadian Human Rights Act simply prohibits discrimination, while the Employment Equity Act strongly requires that employers engage in proactive measures in order to streamline the opportunities for the employment for the four designated groups above. The Canadian Human Rights Act furthermore protects minorities, such as sexual and religious minorities, while the Employment Equity Act is limited to the four groups. In Canada, employment equity is a specific legal concept and should not be used as a synonym for non-discrimination or workplace diversity. It was established under the act, is theCanadian Human Rights Commission(CHRC) in 1977 by the government of Canada. Its purpose isto investigate and settle complaints of discrimination in employment and also in the provision of public services within federal jurisdiction. It is also empowered under the Employment Equityact to ensure employers provideequal opportunities for the four designated groups. The CHRC also helps to enforce these rights and informing the public and federal employers of these rights (Vosko, 2006). Recommendations Enforcements of the acts and laws above These laws were enacted and put in place for a purpose. They are meant to give each and every qualified individual an equal employment opportunity. The government of Canada and the bodies put in place like the Canadian Labour Organization should not only publicize the laws but should enforce them. Reporting the Violators Despite the efforts made, some employers still discriminate workers. In such cases any discriminated individual or even group should report the employer. Avenues are in place to deal with and ensure such violators face the law. Appealing To Employers Humanity Helping them see that their discriminatory actions, some of which may evade the law, as inhuman and hurting. Such campaigns may aid them treat their workers equal. Employers are also charged with the responsibility of: Creating a workplace free from discrimination and form any form of harassment Providing a policy for dealing with discriminations when they occur. Ensuring that all employees and the management staff understand and abide by the policies Respond to complaints in time. Discipline and fine those employees found discriminating others. Carrying out managerial duties in a way that doesn’t abuse authority, or intimidate any employees leave alone discriminating them. References Canada. (1978). New directions: A look at Canadas immigration act and regulations. Ottawa: Employment and Immigration Canada. Canada. (2013). Language of work in federally regulated private businesses in QueÃÅ' bec not subject to the Official Languages Act. Gatineau, QueÃÅ' bec: Govt. of Canada. Crosby, F. J., Stockdale, M. S., Ropp, S. A. (2007). Sex discrimination in the workplace: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub. Goldring, L., Landolt, P. (2013). Producing and negotiating non-citizenship: Precarious legal status in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Hunter, R. C. (1992). Indirect discrimination in the workplace. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press. Lawrence, K., Klos, K. A., Center for Compliance Information (Aspen Systems Corporation). (1978). Sex discrimination in the workplace. Germantown, Md: Aspen Systems Corp. Phelan, G. E., Arterton, J. B. (1992). Disability discrimination in the workplace. St. Paul: Thomson/West. Tribe, A., Curlis, J., Etheridge, S., Quarry, P., Ash, E., Training Point.Net. (2009). Discrimination in the workplace. Bendigo, Vic.: Training point.net. United States. (2008). Best practices for eradicating religious discrimination in the workplace. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. United States. (2008). Questions and answers: Religious discrimination in the workplace. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. VisionPoint Productions. (2002). Harassment discrimination in the workplace: Its not just about sex anymore. Des Moines, IA: VisionPoint Productions. Vosko, L. F. (2006). Precarious employment: Understanding labour market insecurity in Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press.

Skills Required to be an Effective Manager

Skills Required to be an Effective Manager Management skills express the belief that economic change can be made into the most powerful engine for human betterment and social justice (Drucker, 2007). A perfect manager is an asset for a company. A good manager should have the knowledge about functionality, processes and standard operating procedures of an organization. It is said that leaders are born leaders; some of us have that charisma by birth whereas there are some that needed to learn their way towards it. In this document we will discuss which skills should be there in a good manager? Which are the qualities being a manager we should have in order to ensure a smooth sailing at work? Lets discuss further what makes a good manager. To be an effective manager one should have leadership skills. There are many ways in which a person can tackle different situations through various leadership roles. A good leader should be a good guide as well. He should be able to guide his team to perform well. He should not dominate all the time. A good manager should also have a visionary sight for the assistances of the organisation. He should plan the future steps for the development of the company. One of the most noteworthy skills of a good manager is effective management of time. A leader should be able to plan the schedule and be able to equally divide the time between tasks. Such a person can be an asset for the organisation. A good manager should encourage the team to perform well to achieve the organisational goals effectively. He should encourage innovative ideas. If some of the members of the team are not performing well, he should tackle the situation with professionalism and should decide accordingly. Even in a disaster circumstances, a person with good managerial and leadership skills should be able to execute well. He should be mentally strong to handle any kind of situations. He should also be responsible enough to retain a good and friendly environment. A manager should be profound towards others in the workplace. A happy atmosphere would only lead to more productivity and profitability for the orgnisation. With these skills, a person can definitely strive to be a good manager and thus be an asset for any organization! Analysis of the Skills Skills are the abilities or talents that are required to perform a job functions (Truesdell, 1998 ). As we know that the recipe to become a good manager contains lots of ingredient and spices. Here in this document we will analyse one personal and one professional skill of a good manager. Some of the skills in human beings are God gifted and some we develop by learning and practice. Personal Skills Personal skill is an ability to understand and manage self, management of change, learning to learn, personal responsibility, aesthetic responsiveness and wellness. If a person cannot manage himself/herself as human being, so how can he/she manage anything else? When the children have a strong foundation of personal skills, they manage themselves and cooperate with others (Ellison, 2001 ). In this document I will analyse communication Skill as my personal skill, which is helping me a lot in my personal life and as well as in professional life. Communication Effective communication is all about conveying your messages to other people clearly. Its also about receiving information that others are sending to you. Doing this involves effort from both the sender of the message and the receiver. In fact, communication is only successful when both the sender and the receiver understand the same information as a result of the communication. This awareness needs to be married with reflection on our experiences and adjustment where necessary in our style of communication (Ellis, 2009). The author is very fond of travelling and making new friends. Infect while one is travelling and communicating with people from different places and culture, it really helps to know others . By doing this we are making new friends, increasing our personal relationship and as well as enjoying the diversity of the cultures. For me earthquake in Pakistan in the year 2005 was a lession learnt. I was living in Islamabad the capital of Pakistan. When the earthquake shook the earth, the scenes were very horrible. I went to the local office of Red Cross and told them that I want to volunteer myself to go and serve the earthquake effecties. Because of my strong communication skills I had many friends and I also took them to the Red Cross to serve as volunteers. Many of my friends are still working for the Pakistan Red Crescent Society. Thus I used my personal communication skill to help my own nation and to help my own people. By communicating better we can quickly and easily resolve the minor and bigger issues of our personal life. In addition by better communication we can help other in time and can be beneficial for our friends and companions. Professional Skill Most professional skills are outlined and regulated by the professional association of that particular field e.g. Engineers have their own professional associations that deal with specific skill requirements at each level of development. Professional skills differ from profession to profession but there are some basic professional skill which goes on with all the professions. Lets analyse one of the general professional skill. The development of professional skills, requires practice, experience, role mentorship and evaluative feedback (Kasar E., 2000) Presentation It is important to work hard and finish or complete your work on time or before time. But more important is to present that work to others. If one is working hard but he/she is not presenting himself/herself in a presentable manner, then he/she cannot excel in his/her career. I would like to share my experience of coming to UK. When I landed at the airport I was accompanied by the lots of Asian students. Most of them were very much afraid and were looking confused. Because they were looking confused, the entry clearance officer was putting more questions to them. Because of their appearance and bad presentation many of them were on hold at the airport. On the other hand I was composed and confident; I went to the visa officer, greeted him and gave him my documents and passport with a smile. Because of my better presentation and confidence the entry clearance officer granted me the entry without putting a single question. Actually, a great presentation is a combination of three elements: content, design and delivery (Rotondo Rotondo, 2001) Personal/Professional Skill Contributing In Organizational Strategy Skills play a vital role in an organizational setup. One can develop his career by employing and demonstrating personal and professional skills effectively. In the modern age skills play a vital role to develop your career. If you demonstrate good personal/professional skills with right attitude and direction, you will defiantly be rewarded. Personal skills shows that how well managed you are and when you come to work you can organize your work as you have managed yourself. As far as professional skills are concern they can be developed by training and practice. Normally the environment itself teaches you a lot to build up your institutional memory. It is better to understand what kind of professional skills are required for you to perform you duties and one should try to learn and practice those skills. Task2 SWOT Analysis of Personal Skills A SWOT analysis asks us to list all our perceived strengths and weaknesses in terms of skills attributes, interest, attitudes, likes and dislikes. At the same time we are asked to highlight any potential opportunities and threats that we may have to face (Thomas, 2007). Strengths Communication Skills Punctuality Weaknesses Dont like repetitions Unorganised Opportunities Personal Relationships Learn to manage self Threats Stress Key Findings from the SWOT Analysis As I mentioned good communication as my strength in the SWOT analysis, So by employing my strength of good communication skills I am able to clear many tests and interview. I have had built up personal relationship for my personal and organizational benefits. My other strengths like punctuality support my communication skill additionally to make a good impression on others. By communicating better I always have an opportunity to involve and attach with other easily, by doing that basically I am expanding the circle of my friends. As far as my weakness is concern, I dont like repetitions. I only understand the practical and logical things. I dont like repetitive tasks and this is the biggest reason of my casual lifestyle. SWOT Analysis of Professional Skills The SWOT analysis which includes the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities and threats investigates internal and external as well as positive and negative factors of a corporation (Bohm, 2009). Strengths Leadership Presentation Quick decision maker Team player Weaknesses Bad in record keeping Bad in financial management Opportunities Can apply for management jobs after DMS Learn to manage documentation and self Threats Carelessness Overconfidence Key Findings from the SWOT Analysis As per SWOT analysis of my professional skills I am very good at presentation, leadership, decision making and teambuilding skills. Infect these are my core strengths throughout my career. I was working as a Network administrator in Pakistan and was designing, planning, implementing and maintaining the networking projects. Apart from technical issues I was managing and leading my team well. I always had this problem of mismanaging documentation and as well as the financial matters. Indeed it is really important for a manager to learn and improve to keep proper documentation and to keep the financial matter up to date and in proper order. Analysis of Personal/Professional Skills by Using Fishbone Diagram This is pictorial aid to some form of thinking formed and made popular by a renowned management guru by the name of Ishikawa. A typical base format of fishbone diagram is shown in the figure 1. Personal Skill Confusion or over concentration Losing interest 11th hour decisions Lack of attention Bad time Management Not having thing in writing Carelessness Casual lifestyle Too Many things to do Figure 1, Fishbone Diagram of personal skill In the diagram in figure1 a problem has been discussed. The author has a problem of bad time management. I have discussed different reasons and causes of bad time management which are self-explanatory. The most crucial is my casual lifestyle which I need to change immediately otherwise it will start shadowing on my professional career as well. Professional Skill Area of work is IT and Telecommunications Organisational politics Not been trained Non cooperative staff members Bad in managing finance or budgeting Insufficient time to concentrate No trainings or workshops at organisational level Unavailability of funds Too Many things to do Figure 2, Fishbone Diagram of professional skill As far as professional skills are concern I have had many problems in managing finance or budgeting. The major reason for that was that my profession is IT and Telecommunications. Due to this reason the management was not training me to handle financial matters. But according to me indeed it is a need of the time that I should learn finance and budgeting. When we talk about IT/Telecom project planning and designing, we cannot ignore the fact that there will be money involve and we need to budget accordingly. Learning Styles Theories of learning have evolved over the last century as a result of numerous experiments conducted, often with animals. Different school of psychological thinking has made their various contributions to the pool of knowledge. No single theory has obtained complete agreement among psychologists about the details of learning process, but many accept the basic premise that the learning occurs whenever one adopts new or modifies existing behaviour patterns in a way that has some influence on future performance and attitude (Sims, 1995). To gain a better understanding of yourself as a learner, you need to evaluate the way you prefer to learn or process information. By doing so, you will be able to develop strategies which will enhance your learning potential. Everybody has a preferred learning style. Knowing and understanding our learning style helps us to learn more effectively. There are many ways to find out that what youre learning style is. I have used the model of Honey and Mumford to identify my learning style. According to them people have four different kind of learning styles the Activist, the Pragmatist, the Reflector and the Theorist. After filling in the diagnostic tests I came to know that I am falling under the category of the Activists. According to the model I have used it describes me as and enthusiast who will try anything, enjoy a challenge and working with others, preferring to be the centre of attention. Weaknesses of and Activist are longer term implementation and perhaps not putting in enough thought before they get started. Analysis of my learning style (The Activist) As mentioned above that after applying the learning style model on myself I came to know that my learning style is activist. Being an activist I have some strengths and weaknesses. Strengths More on practical side Innovative and responsive Just need a little push to start Always on my toes to try something different Always try to push myself to give 100% Punctuality Always good and attentive at start Weaknesses Hates theories and just talking Cannot concentrate for a long time Dont like repetitions or repetitive tasks Not able to finish things well Most of the time in hurry Impact of learning style on personal development As we have discussed above some of the strengths and weaknesses of my learning style. My learning style has had a big role in my personal development and as well as professional development. It is because of my learning style that I had chosen IT/ Telecommunication as my profession. As an activist I like to do practical things and IT/Telecommunication is the branch of electronics where we do things practically. We plan, design and implement networks. Apart from practicality there have been an innovation involved in my profession, I always try to do different or I try things differently. So my learning style has helped me a lot to develop my personality and profession. Task3 SMART Goal Analysis SMART is an acronym that can help us to effectively set our goals. It stands for Specific , measureable, attainable, reasonable and time oriented. Just as following a compass keeps us from getting lost, adhering to these five precepts enable us to stay on the path that will ultimately lead to our success. Setting goals the SMART way is not just limited to financial success but can help you to achieve success in all areas of life, including educational, spiritual and physical goals (Berges, 2007). Personal Goals by Using SMART Goals Specific I have plans to be migrated to Canada by 2013. Measurable I have applied for Canadian immigration and I am in the queue since 2007. Achievable As I meet the criteria set by the Canadian government. I have two Masters degrees and on top of it I have plans to do MBA from UK, in these circumstances I believe that it is very much possible to achieve this goal. Realistic Indeed it is realistic to move to Canada because it has the charm and opportunities in the sector of IT and Telecommunications as compare to Pakistan. Time oriented It takes not more than 70 months to complete the whole process according to the old regulations. Specific I want to get hold of post study work permit by December 2011 . Measurable After completing MBA I can apply for post study work permit. Achievable As I am in UK and doing well in my studies, so it seems very much achievable Realistic It is realistic to get some hand on experience and improve my learning by getting work permit. Time oriented I will complete my MBA by December 2011, so I will be eligible to apply for post study work permit. Professional Goals by Using SMART Goals Specific I have planned to finish off my MBA before December 2011 from a good British University. Measurable I am already in UK and doing well in DMS course. Achievable It is achievable because I have arranged the entire fee for MBA in advance. Realistic As I will finish my first term of DMS by January 2011, so I am on the right track towards MBA. Time oriented It will take almost 6 months to complete MBA after DMS. Specific Want to get a managerial position in the sector of IT/Telecoms by the end of 2011. Measurable I have experience of technical end that has expanded over 9 years. Now I am doing DMS to learn management skills to become a manager. Achievable It is achievable if I keep myself of track and complete my studies on time. Realistic I have completed first term of DMS, so realistically I am on the right track to achieve my goal. Time oriented By the end of December 2011 Personal Development Plan In recent year role of personal development has become central to the success of those that have made the decisive jump from doing ok to major noticeable and measurable professional and personal success (Nutley, 2008). Learning and development need How does this support your professional and personal goals Actions to be taken including resources needed to achieve them Date for achievement/review Getting post study work permit It will enhance and enrich my theoretical learning by getting some working experience from UK. I need to get MBA degree to apply for post study work permit. December 2011/ I will review my PDP by June 2011. To learn and improve management skills by doing MBA I will qualify to apply for managerial jobs As my first step toward MBA, I am half way through my DMS and it will be completed mid next year. Than I have plans to do top-up MBA. I want to get MBA by December 2011. I will review my PDP by June 2011. Reflective Analysis of Attained Goals In this section we will have a reflective analysis of the goals that I have attained in past in my professional career as well as personal goals. Let me share analysis of attaining my personal goal. I had an urge to come to UK for higher studies but due to financial constraints it was not possible for me to come to UK and study here. I set a goal four years back that I have to go to UK to get an international qualification. What have I learnt from my experience? In the pursuit of my personal goal, I have learnt that nothing is impossible. If you plan realistically, you can achieve your goals easily. What went well? The best part was that the right things were happening to me at the right time. I got a good job at the right time, that job lasted for more than four years and that was the platform from where I set my goals and started planning things for myself. What could have gone better? The only thing that could have gone better was the environment. I this very moment most of the countries are going through or recovering from recession. If the environment could have progressive there was a chance for us being an international student to get some hands on experience as well on what we have learnt. How can I put into practise what I have learnt? The best way to put my leaning into practice is to plan realistically in future, considering my present situation. When it comes to set goals, at times what we do is, we set our goals very unrealistic or unachievable. So when one is setting goals for himself of herself, he or she should be aware of his or her present situation. In my professional career I had a very good experience of working for Red cross. While working there I got promotions at regular intervals. I would like to share my past professional working experience. What have I learnt from my experience? My key learnings from my experience of working with Red Cross are that it is important to work hard but the key thing is to show your work to get promoted within the organisation. What went well? The best part was that I was very much sound technically so it was very much easy for me to find my place and very easily I established myself and my repute in the organisation. What could have gone better? I should have learnt how to deal with organisational politics. I was not part of the politics and that was the reason many of the lobbies were against me. While working in and organisational structure one must learn how to deal with the politics within the organisation. Another thing is that I could have projected my work more, because I was doing the hard work all the time and my bosses were taking the credit on my behalf. Task 5 Evaluation of Activities in this learning programme In this specific learning programme, we have learnt about the personal management, in other words before getting in the professional career one must learn how to manage self. During this learning programme of twelve week we have learnt different personal and professional skills and we have had the chance to practice those skills in the classroom and while doing the group work. Specifically this learning programme has provided us the base to learn the management skills at professional level. The learning programme was evenly structured both for experience and inexperience students, which was the best part of the learning programme. The key skill which we have learnt in this programme were Report writing Presentation Time management Leaning styles SWOT analysis Smart goals Stress management Now let us evaluate these entire key learning one by one Report Writing Report writing is a key skill when it comes to the professional working environment. If we talk about the professional working environment, we have to write reports regarding our daily, weekly, monthly or yearly report. Report writing is also vital when it comes to career growth, a person who can show his work well has a better chance to get promoted, because ultimately it is the report which is going to the management which shows your performance. Key learning In this learning programme we have learnt about, how to write a report, what is the proper format of a report, what should be the language, what should be the style , what should be the formatting, how to start and end the report. Constraints As most of the students are from Asian origin and English is not their native language, due to that they were having communication problems. Because of this the teacher had to maintain a slow pace during the course and that really affected the practical work. Recommendations As far as theory is the concern the course was really good but somehow we are still short of practice. We understand the limitation of time but the essence of this course is learning by doing. So the sessions should have been more practical. Presentation Presentation is also very important skill to learn, especially in this modern age, if one dont know how to present himself, he cannot make progress in his professional career. Key Learning In this activity we have learnt; how to make presentations, what should be the contents, what should be the layout, presentation should be specific, how to present with style and confidence. Constraints Most of the students were not confident or they were feeling shy to come and present their work. They were given many chances to apply this skill. Recommendations It should be compulsory for the student for this learning programme to present in front of the class. Time Management Managing time and being punctual is the need of the time. It is one of the biggest cause to have a bad appraisal by your boss. It is one of the key skill of a good manager. A good manager should be able to manage his own time and also he needs to assign tasks at the right time to his team members. Key Learning We have been briefed about the importance of time management and after that an exercise was given to assess that how we manage our time and how it should be managed. Constraints We have only covered one side of the picture; we should have discussed the impact of bad time management on ones career. I would have been better if it could have explained by some audio visual support. Recommendations It is recommended to include audio visual aid in this specific learning activity to clear the concepts effectively. Learning styles It was the first ever experience for most of us to learn our learning style. It really helps if one knows about his learning style. By this way we can learn quick and also effectively. Key Learning This activity was very unique. In this activity we have leant that what is our learning style and how we can learn in a better way. Constraints Most of the students were confused while doing the exercise, because it was too long and complex. Recommendations It would be better if we put this activity in the start of the course, so that students should be aware of their learning style since beginning. Rest of the learning activities were also quite helpful for us to learn more about self-management and management at work place. Doing SWOT analysis on personal and professional skills was very helpful to figure out the strength and weakness. In SMART analysis we learnt how to set goals and how to achieve them. The element of stress was also discussed during the course and a session was given on how to manage stress personally and at work place. We can conclude that this whole set of activities was very much helpful to enhance and improve out daily life and management skills. It was also a learning experience to learn from the experience of the other classmates.

Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit To Change Something Essay -- essays res

Americans are well renown for their utter dissatisfaction for the current social, political, and economic status of their nation. Of course, it comes as now surprise that Americans are so driven to produce changes. The feisty, perseverance has been with the American people since the Revolutionary War, even before then. However, no matter how much a certain aspect of life is altered, not everyone will be pleased. Even though reform was a trend all throughout America's history, the 1830's and 1840's seem to be a time where reform was a popular fad. The women's right movement was a very predominant reform during this time. After years of servitude, many women were not longer going to be idle and quiet as their rights continually were denied to them. Many women felt as if they were being held captive or held prisoner by invisible bonds. For those women who did work out of the home, they finally were struck with a hard blow. Pay for a woman was the half the pay of a man. The Seneca Falls Manifesto was a revolutionary document for the women's document. Modeled after the Declaration of Independence, the authors proclaimed the atrocities committed by the men around them. "He has withheld from her rights which are given to the most ignorant and degraded men-both natives and foreigners....He has taken from her all right in property, even to the wages she earns." Despite their intelligence, perseverance, and peaceful way by which women conducted their movement, they still endured much criticism and mockery, but not only the press, but by Congress also. Feminists made an appearance around this time, the most famous being Lucy Stone. Stone and other feminists were particularly against the "traditional marriage." Some feminists were lucky to attain support from men in their crusade for rights. However, the majority of the male population felt women were to be docile, that "Her proper sphere is home, and her proper function is the care of the household, to manage a family, to take care of children, and attend to their early training." Religion, always a popular item chosen to be changed. People can never make up their minds. They choose one faith, and realize it is not for them, so they switch to another. Attitudes similar to these were the cause of the Second Great Awakening. One major religion, the Mormon belief, made a spectacular debut... ...n with rods, and lashed into obedience!" The Humanitarian Reform was begun by Dorthea Dix, however, many people, often relating religion to their actions, keep this movement going. For once in their lifetimes, the Indians were finally being seen as human beings, not barbarous creatures. Alexis de Tocqueville was a major campaigner in the better treatment of Indians. Tocqueville and another reformer, George Caitlin felt some land should be given back to the Native Americans, so their customs and ways of life might not fade away. "These are great evils, and it must be added that they appear to me to be irremediable. I believe that the Indian nations of North America are doomed to perish.....The Indians had only the alternative of war or civilization...the must either destroy the Europeans or become their equals..." A pattern seemed to have formed within the reforming of the 1830's and 1840's. All of a sudden, Americans wanted better treatment for everyone, well almost all Americans. Finally injustices were being recognized. They oppressed would endure bondage no longer. Revolutions started all over America, revolutions which paved the way for the present day America.

reality and choice theory :: essays research papers

1. "Reality therapy concentrates on the client's needs and getting them to confront the reality of the world. In Reality Therapy, these needs are classified into power, love and belonging, freedom, fun, and survival. Survival includes the things that we need in order to stay alive, such as food, clothing and shelter. Power is our sense of achievement and feeling worthwhile, as well as the competitive desire to win. Love and belonging represent our social needs, to be accepted by groups, families and loved ones. Freedom is our need for our own space, a sense of independence and autonomy. Fun is our need to enjoy ourselves and seek pleasure. We seek to fulfill these needs at all times, whether we are conscious of it or not." Choice theory, the new theory of how our brain functions that supports reality therapy, directly challenges this belief. I contend that when we are unable to figure out how to satisfy one or more of the five basic needs built into our genetic structure that are the source of all human motivation, we sometimes choose to behave in ways that are currently labeled mental illness. These needs, explained in detail in Choice Theory, are: survival, love and belonging, power, freedom and fun. What is common to these ineffective and unsatisfying choices, no matter what they may be, is unhappiness: there is no happiness in the DSM-IV. Choice theory explains that, not only do we choose all our unhappy behaviors, but every behavior we choose is made up of four components, one of which is how we feel as we behave. When we choose a behavior that satisfies our needs, immediately or eventually, we feel good. When we choose a behavior that fails to satisfy our needs, sooner or later, we feel bad. But the choice to be unhappy is not mental illness. Our society is flooded with people who are choosing anxious, fearful, depressive, obsessive, crazy, hostile, violent, addictive and withdrawn behaviors. All of them are seriously unhappy; there is no shortage of unhappy people in the world. But, unfortunately, many mental health practitioners who believe in mental illness don't see the unhappy people described above as capable of helping themselves or benefitting from therapy. They see them as "suffering" from brain pathology, incapable of helping themselves without drugs. They reject psychotherapy as useless or too time-consuming. In my new book, Reality Therapy in Action, I describe how my use of reality therapy has helped many seriously symptomatic clients choose to function normally without the use of drugs.

Free Narrative Essays - Why Cant We All Just Get Along?

I recall an incident back in my elementary school days, when I was on the playground during an afternoon recess. My friends and I were intensely involved in a emotional game of basketball. I had been playing miserably, so after my fourth brick, I spiked the ball, super bowl touchdown style against the solid pavement. It began a long process of ricocheting off the walls of the coverd area and amidst it's air born flight it somehow managed to collide with the jawbone of a rather thuggish looking 5th grader. At this time, an ominous dark cloud of rage began spouting from the disgruntled upperclassmen's nostrils. A large crowd began chanting, "fight! fight! fight!" that was slowly forming around us like vultures circling to pick at the bones of the unfortunate loser. Realizing that the odds of me emerging alive from this mess weren't very good, I began to think of a strategy that would enable all my major organs to remain intact. I decided to use humor to defeat this barbaric beast. I must have ridiculed and made fun of myself over 200 times. I told him that even if he passed out, in a full body cast , and suffered from leprosy, he still could wipe the floor with my feeble body. I told him if he didn't disfigure me, that I would offer to be his own personal reusable toothpick for as long as he wished. Violence and nonviolence are two very effective ways to solve problems, but for people like me whose brains are stronger than their fists, nonviolence seems much more practic... ...y major origans. After the crowd began laughing at my foolish self- directed jokes, the enraged 5th grader quickly switched from steaming in anger to chuckling along with the rest of the observers. Eventually he lost interest and went along his way, just in time for me to sharpen my basketball skills before the bell rang. Much like the example of Martin Luther King and Malcolm X, I too had the choice of taking one of two roads. I knew that taking a violent stand would only lead to a dead end. I chose the road in which many of the most memorable leaders have taken, a road that has been traveled by few. The nonviolent road. There are many ways to solve a problem. As a wise man once said, "A coward strikes with his fist, a warrior strikes with his mind."

How to Improve Your English

Language plays and important role in human life. Out of all the languages in the world, English is considered as the international language. And me as an immigrant I think it’s very important to work on improving my English skills in order to communicate with people easier, get more job opportunities, and most importantly to get into college. There are plenty of ways to improve your English. To improve your English conversation and oral skills you should watch American movies and T. V. shows with English subtitles, and try to really listen!You should also try and communicate as much as you can and don’t be shy of your accent or your lack of grammar, just know that you’re doing this for the best and to have better English in the future. Personally that helped me a lot and I would strongly advise any person who’s looking to improve their English to use this method. Now if you want to improve your reading skills, just simply, read! Read anything and everythin g in English. You can read story books, newspapers, magazines, blogs, comics, English textbooks, instructions and ingredients on food packages, advertisements or even online articles if you want.Honestly, in our days just going on the internet can be a lot of reading, and with the internet being most in English, it would be a very good and fun way for you to improve your reading and reading speed. However, always remember, do something, anything. Just don’t do nothing, because if you don’t do anything, you will not get anywhere. Don't be in too much of a hurry though. You're setting off on a long journey and there'll be delays and frustrations along the way. Sometimes you'll be in the fast lane and other times you'll be stuck in traffic, just take your time to really enjoy the experience.

Research Trends in the Academy of Management Publications

Research trends in the Academy of Management publications In order to reach the organization’s goals, management acts its way by its techniques and topics that is essential for the success of the company. There are a lot of changes and improvements that can cause to the disappearance of the management topics and techniques that organizations use for its own benefit. I appreciate reading this article that somehow updates us on what is happening on management topics, why do these topics disappear, stays, and re-emerge, and what are the common techniques used by the management of each organizations.The first hypothesis about the management topics says that some are historic and that they emerged then died out over time. People nowadays are very trendy and they tend to imitate what are the topics most popular in their environment. These people study and use those topics that make them think can fit in into the society. Just like in business, management topics also undergo a cycle. At first they will grow slowly, and then they will burst till they reach their peak point where a lot of people patronize their services/products.Sooner or later, their business fades as the people who first patronize their products discover new ones that are trending and popular in the society. Because of this, they try to change and develop new products that would satisfy the wants and needs of the consumers leading to the disappearance of the first products they made. I can’t say that each management techniques are perfect, so if there are new ideas that are developed due to the experiences of each organizations and curiosity of mankind trying to improve and upgrade that specific technique, then that management technique disappears and being replaced by a new and better one.The second hypothesis tells that some management topics are classical and have become institutionalized over time. Even though people nowadays are conscious with the topics that are popular nowadays, t here are others who give importance to these topics. Some topics are so significant that organizations do not want to remove them for those topics leads their business to success. These management topics give them ideas on how they will operate their business to become stable in the industry. Most usinessmen now continue to use and development these management topics because they believe that this can help them in achieving their success. These are their tools to reach their organizational objectives and accomplishments. If these techniques continue to help organizations then these will never fade out and will continue to be institutionalized making these topics stay for a long period of time. The third hypothesis states that some management topics are resurgent in that they emerged, died out, and then re-emerged over time.There are a lot of techniques that could help these topics to become useful again. With comprehensive study and analysis, these topics will soon be popularized an d then used from generation to generation. This hypothesis challenges the researchers to do better study and brainstorming in order to have creative ideas on how they can develop these management topics. All things need improvement in order to fit in into society. Because, we humans, are not easily contented of what we have and can always find ways in creating other ideas better than the other.Some researching think they have created new ideas but had already emerged in the past but disappeared. Most companies make innovations on their products/services offered in the market in order to provide continuous satisfaction to the consumers. And so with this management topic, it needs further study and development to be continuously useful in the world of management. Management topics evolve like businesses do. They both undergo the same process cycle. At first is the birth of the keyword or topic then next is their growth until they reach their maturity where most of the people use it or the topic became popular.The cycle doesn’t end here but it continues to its post-maturity stage where its usefulness to the society declines. But with our generation nowadays, people are intellectual enough to explore new discoveries to satisfy the needs and wants of the society. And with this, it makes the management topic become more stable and continue to provide more knowledge to the researchers and readers. Having adequate knowledge about the history of these management topics we have right now makes each researchers and readers more interested on the topic.Some may show lack of interest but once they go deeper to the history about these management topics, they would find it really amazing on how this were useful to the industry and very effective on every organization. This study is very helpful to researchers that really want to know more about management because it is part of their study to keep track of the trends in the field of management. We can never reach our f uture if we do not know our history. Same goes with studying management, reaching the finish line of this field is impossible unless we learn and study its history.

Blood Brothers Essay

Within a Blood Brothers. Compare the role of the narrator in the Play Blood Brothers and consider how you Would present the narrator to an audience if you were the director. The dictionary definition of narrate – VT (a story) to tell, relate; to give an account of; (film, TV) to provide a spoken commentary for narration n – narrator n†¦ The tradition of narration came from the Greek chorus. Their were thirteen people in the chorus; all singing and dancing. The chorus which served as the narrator, asked probing questions, and also gave great advice to the heroes. If there was any violence it was merely narrated, and not presented for fear of offending the audience. The purpose of the narrator is to let the audience know what is going on. Narration is one of the most important components of a story. The characters, plot, setting, and theme are also significant; however the narrator sets the mood and also the pace of the story, as well as predicting what might happen when the narrator is omniscient. In Blood Brothers the narrator plays a variety of roles for example sometimes he is at a higher status than them and also is sometimes very negative. The original Greek narrator was in a chorus which consisted of thirteen people, in the play ‘Blood Brothers’ the narrator sang with the characters but he was much more involved and not separated, as the Greek chorus were. The Greek chorus usually stayed as part of the chorus or on the side of the stage. They knew everything about the characters and sometimes they could see into the future like in ‘Blood Brothers’ when the narrator was preparing the audience for what was going to come next in throughout the play. They usually spoke the beginning and end of the play. He narrated the beginning of the play to set the scene and at the end he was the last one to speak before they in ‘Blood Brothers’ case this was just after the twins died. In act 1 scene 1 the narrator is a storyteller. He also sounds, very negative in what he is saying as he says ‘ Brother parted from brother’ ‘Wrenched apart’ ‘A stone in the place of a heart’ which is negative. His mother gave him away because she didn’t think she would be able to cope and also because of money as well as her other seven children. I feel that the narrator is being very harsh because the way he says ‘A stone in the place of a heart’ but she knew that she might be able to cope with one more children but not with two as it’s only her to look after them. I don’t think its good that the narrator manipulates the characters minds as it is coming away from the tradition so I don’t think that’s a good idea because as soon as one thing changes they change everything. In this scene Act 1 scene 3 ‘the shoes the shoes†¦ ‘ ‘What’s wrong with them’ ‘on. On the table take them off†¦ take them off’ ‘oh god you never put new shoes on a table Miss Lyons. You never know what might happen. ‘ The narrator is forcing the idea of superstitions and it makes the audience wonder if it will have any effects, as it appears to. Eventually he is also trying to enforce that as she was not very well educated and believe in superstition like that but as the educated ones know more and are better off so they don’t believe in as much superstition as them. The narrator appears to be working in Mrs Lyons favour and against the mother. In act 1 scene 6 the narrator informs the audience he has also set up his plan on controlling the families, that the mother reminding the audience of the decision and is regretting giving her baby away, ‘ The debt’ makes it sound like it’s a business deal and is also a metaphor, ‘ Paid’ those words are both cold. The narrator is also blaming the mother for giving her child away. I think that it is her fault for giving her child but at the end of the day she knew she wouldn’t be able to cope with any more children so she had to do something. The narrator’s main role throughout the show is to act as a constant reminder to us of the brother’s tragic fate for example ‘Shoes upon the table’ which is repeated throughout both acts of the show. In Act 2 scene 1 the narrator makes this scene particularly eerie. The idea of the devil being there all the time indicates something terrible might happen. Here he is playing the part of the devil ‘there’s no use clutching at your rosary, the Devils in the back yard, he can see thought the gaps in the curtains he sees it all, there’s no use in hiding in the hall. When he raps at the knocker then he knows you’re in; No you wont no you’ll never get away from him. This raises an evil issue as he’s everywhere. The last two lines ‘No you won’t, No you’ll never get away from him. ‘ Is an eerie writing that is repeated for even more effect. From Act 2 scene 11 we notice from the first two lines that there is repetition. The only difference is of the back yard working – class garden middle class. ‘Devil in your bones getting into your ghostly running away from someone you can run hide but he’ll always find you when he rings at the chimes’ it builds up tension as he is saying that you will never get away from the devil even if you run hide he’ll always find you and is also showing the ghostly side of him, and again the idea of the negative within the play. From Act 4 Scene 1 we notice the narrator in a positive light as he comments ‘The summers never ever going to end’ ‘ The devil is hardly visible’. There is not much evidence of negative. The narrator also makes the audience happy which also makes the m unprepared for what is coming. In Act 4 scene 2 there is as difference as the social class has divided them because Mickey wanted to work but Eddie has a lot of money and doesn’t have to work which causes frustration for Mickey. Again the narrator hints at the idea that the social class division may lead to a negative outcome. In this scene (Act 4 scene 3) Mickey is offered a job from Eddie but refuses it and is sad because he cannot find one himself, the feels that he has lost the sense of pride. Again this gives the audience even more clue that because of this Mickey and Eddie will be torn apart even more. In Act 5 scene 1 Linda got Mickey and Eddie takes over his fathers business. Gradually throughout the play the narrator is not warning + predicting but gradually taking over the whole character by being within that character. If I was the director I would dress the narrator in black as that is a dark colour and also can represent the negativity in the play. But I would also dress him in a lighter colour like yellow to show the happier side of the narrator. I would make him dress in red to show the devil side of him or give him a red fork so show that there is also a devil with in him when he is manipulating the characters to do bad things or talking in a cold tone. I’d also consider putting him at a higher status I would make him stand on the balcony or on staging blocks as he seems to be controlling the families but I would also ask him to walk around so he would be in with the cast to show the equality in status at times. He would have a deep voice as many people see god as having a deep voice and as he is controlling the families and is a higher status and people see god to be in the sky. My narrator would appear at the beginning and at the end of the play. He would also appear to sing with the characters so he will be interacting with the characters. He would also be standing on the balcony at the side when he would be controlling the families I would also want him to interact with the characters as I want him walking around in between the characters when they are frozen and he is explaining to the audience what is happening. For the body language if I was showing the bad side of him I would make him stand in one place at a higher status staring down at the characters but if he’s in a good mood I want him walking around interacting with the characters. I would also give him a strong accent as many people perceive god to have a strong accent and a deep voice. He will also talk loud as that’s how many people see god. Conclusion The understanding of the narrator has helped me to analyse this dramatic technique by setting the scene, also explaining to the audience what is going on. I found it particularly useful to be able to compare the Blood Brothers narrator with the original Greek narrator and this produced me with even more understanding.

Statistics Chapter 12 Solutions

CHAPTER 12: TESTS FOR TWO OR MORE SAMPLES WITH CATEGORICAL DATA 1. When testing for independence in a contingency table with 3 rows and 4 columns, there are ________ degrees of freedom. a) 5 b) 6 c) 7 d) 12 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 2. If we use the [pic] method of analysis to test for the differences among 4 proportions, the degrees of freedom are equal to: a) 3. b) 4. c) 5. d) 1. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom . If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of successes is higher in group 1 than in group 2, the appropriate test to use is a) the Z test. b) the [pic]test. c) both of the above d) none of the above ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 4. If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of successes is the same in group 1 as in group 2, the appropriate test to use is a) the Z test. b) the [pic]test. c) both of the above d) none of the above ANSWER: TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 5. In testing a hypothesis using the [pic] test, the theoretical frequencies are based on the a) null hypothesis. b) alternative hypothesis. c) normal distribution. d) none of the above. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties TABLE 12-1 A study published in the American Journal of Public Health was conducted to determine whether the use of seat belts in motor vehicles depends on ethnic status in San Diego County.A sample of 792 children treated for injuries sustained from motor vehicle accidents was obtained, and each child was classified according to (1) ethnic status (Hispanic or non-Hispanic) and (2) seat belt usage (worn or not worn) during the accident. The number of children in each category is given in t he table below. | |Hispanic |Non-Hispanic | |Seat belts worn |31 |148 | |Seat belts not worn |283 |330 | . Referring to Table 12-1, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence. b) test for difference between proportions. c) ANOVA F test for interaction in a 2 x 2 factorial design. d) test for goodness of fit. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence 7. Referring to Table 12-1, the calculated test statistic is a) -0. 9991. b) -0. 1368. c) 48. 1849. d) 72. 8063. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 8.Referring to Table 12-1, at 5% level of significance, the critical value of the test statistic is a) 3. 8415. b) 5. 9914. c) 9. 4877. d) 13. 2767. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 9. Referring to Table 12-1, at 5% level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude t hat the a) use of seat belts in motor vehicles is related to ethnic status in San Diego County. b) use of seat belts in motor vehicles depends on ethnic status in San Diego County. c) use of seat belts in motor vehicles is associated with ethnic status in San Diego County. ) all of the above ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-2 Many companies use well-known celebrities as spokespersons in their TV advertisements. A study was conducted to determine whether brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are independent. Each in a sample of 300 female TV viewers was asked to identify a product advertised by a celebrity spokesperson. The gender of the spokesperson and whether or not the viewer could identify the product was recorded. The numbers in each category are given below. |Male Celebrity |Female Celebrity | |Identified product |41 |61 | |Could not identify |109 |89 | 10. Referri ng to Table 12-2, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence. b) test for difference between proportions. c) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect. d) test for goodness of fit. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence 11. Referring to Table 12-2, the calculated test statistic is a) -0. 1006. b) 0. 00. c) 5. 9418. d) 6. 1194. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 12. Referring to Table 12-2, at 5% level of significance, the critical value of the test statistic is a) 3. 8415. b) 5. 9914. c) 9. 4877. d) 13. 2767. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 13. Referring to Table 12-2, the degrees of freedom of the test statistic are a) 1. b) 2. c) 4. ) 299. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 14. Referring to Table 12-2, at 5 % level of significance, the conclusion is that a) brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are independent. b) brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are not independent. c) brand awareness of female TV viewers and the gender of the spokesperson are related. d) both (b) and (c) ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-3A computer used by a 24-hour banking service is supposed to randomly assign each transaction to one of 5 memory locations. A check at the end of a day’s transactions gave the counts shown in the table to each of the 5 memory locations, along with the number of reported errors. |Memory Location: |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |Number of Transactions: |82 |100 |74 |92 |102 | |Number of Reported Errors: |11 |12 |6 |9 |10 |The bank manager wanted to test whether the proportion of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations differ. 15. Referring to Table 12-3, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence b) test for difference between proportions c) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect d) test for goodness of fit ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 16. Referring to Table 12-3, the degrees of freedom of the test statistic is a) 4. b) 8. c) 10. d) 448. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: EasyKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 17. Referring to Table 12-3, the critical value of the test statistic at 1% level of significance is a) 7. 7794. b) 13. 2767. c) 20. 0902. d) 23. 2093. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 18. Referring to Table 12-3, the calculated value of the test statistic is a) -0. 1777. b) -0. 0185. c) 1. 4999. d) 1. 5190. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: c hi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 19. Referring to Table 12-3, at 1% level of significance ) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are all different. b) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are all different. c) there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are not all the same. d) there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the proportion of errors in transactions assigned to each of the 5 memory locations are not all the same.ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision, conclusion 20. Moving companies are required by the government to publish a Carrier Performance Report each year. One of the descriptive statistics they m ust include is the annual percentage of shipments on which a $50 or greater claim for loss or damage was filed. Suppose two companies, Econo-Move and On-the-Move, each decide to estimate this figure by sampling their records, and they report the data shown in the following table. |Econo-Move |On-the-Move | |Total shipments sampled |900 |750 | |Number of shipments with a claim [pic] $50 |162 |60 | The owner of On-the-Move is hoping to use these data to show that the company is superior to Econo-Move with regard to the percentage of claims filed. Which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment? a) test for independence b) test for goodness of fit ) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect d) test for the difference between proportions ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions 21. The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in the perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women. The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the women, responded â€Å"Yes. Assuming W designates women’s responses and M designates men’s, what hypothesis should The Wall Street Journal test in order to show that its claim is true? a) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM < 0 b) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM > 0 c) H0: pW – pM = 0 versus H1: pW – pM [pic] 0 d) H0: (W – (M [pic] 0 versus H1: (W – (M > 0 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 22. The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women.The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the women, responded â€Å"Yes. † Suppose that 150 women and 200 men were interviewed. For a 0. 01 level of significance, what is the critical value for the rejection region? a) 7. 173 b) 7. 106 c) 6. 635 d) 2. 33 ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 23.The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women. The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the wome n, responded â€Å"Yes. † Suppose that 150 women and 200 men were interviewed. What is the value of the test statistic? a) 7. 173 b) 7. 106 c) 6. 635 d) 2. 33 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 24. The Wall Street Journal recently ran an article indicating differences in perception of sexual harassment on the job between men and women. The article claimed that women perceived the problem to be much more prevalent than did men. One question asked to both men and women was: â€Å"Do you think sexual harassment is a major problem in the American workplace? † Some 24% of the men, compared to 62% of the women, responded â€Å"Yes. † Suppose that 150 women and 200 men were interviewed. What conclusion should be reached? a) Using a 0. 1 level of significance, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that women perceive the problem of sexual harassment on the job as being much more prevalent than do men. b) There is insufficient evidence to conclude with at least 99% confidence that women perceive the problem of sexual harassment on the job as being much more prevalent than do men. c) There is no evidence of a significant difference between the men and women in their perception. d) More information is needed to draw any conclusions from the data set. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion 5. A powerful women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about sexual discrimination. A group of 50 men (group 1) and 40 women (group 2) were asked if they thought sexual discrimination is a problem in the United States. Of those sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women did believe that sexual discrimination is a problem. Which of the following are the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses to test the group’s claim? a) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM < 0 b) H0: pW – pM [pic] 0 versus H1: pW – pM > 0 c) H0: pW – pM = 0 versus H1: pW – pM [pic] 0 ) H0: (W – (M [pic] 0 versus H1: (W – (M > 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 26. A powerful women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about sexual discrimination. A group of 50 men (group 1) and 40 women (group 2) were asked if they thought sexual discrimination is a problem in the United States. Of those sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women did believe that sexual discrimination is a problem. Find the value of the test statistic. a) Z = – 2. 55 b) Z = – 0. 85 c) Z = – 1. 05 d) Z = – 1. 20ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 27. A powerful women’s group has claimed that men and women differ in attitudes about sexual discrimination. A gro up of 50 men (group 1) and 40 women (group 2) were asked if they thought sexual discrimination is a problem in the United States. Of those sampled, 11 of the men and 19 of the women did believe that sexual discrimination is a problem. If the p value turns out to be 0. 035 (which is NOT the real value in this data set), then a) at [pic] = 0. 05, we should fail to reject H0. ) at [pic] = 0. 04, we should reject H0. c) at [pic] = 0. 03, we should reject H0. d) None of the above would be correct statements. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-4 A few years ago, Pepsi invited consumers to take the â€Å"Pepsi Challenge. † Consumers were asked to decide which of two sodas, Coke or Pepsi, they preferred in a blind taste test. Pepsi was interested in determining what factors played a role in people’s taste preferences. One of the factors studied was the gender of the consumer.Below are the re sults of analyses comparing the taste preferences of men and women, with the proportions depicting preference for Pepsi. Males: n = 109, pSM = 0. 422018Females: n = 52, pSF = 0. 25 pSM – pSF = 0. 172018Z = 2. 11825 28. Referring to Table 12-4, to determine if a difference exists in the taste preferences of men and women, give the correct alternative hypothesis that Pepsi would test. a) H1: [pic] b) H1: [pic] c) H1: pM – pF [pic] 0 d) H1: pM – pF = 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 29.Referring to Table 12-4, suppose Pepsi wanted to test to determine if the males preferred Pepsi more than the females. Using the test statistic given, compute the appropriate p-value for the test. a) 0. 0171 b) 0. 0340 c) 0. 2119 d) 0. 4681 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 30. Referring to Table 12-4, suppose Pepsi wanted to test to determine if the males preferred Pepsi less than the females. Using the test statistic given, compute the appropriate p-value for the test. a) 0. 0170 b) 0. 0340 c) 0. 9660 d) 0. 9830 ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 31. Referring to Table 12-4, suppose that the two-tailed p-value was really 0. 0734. State the proper conclusion. a) At [pic] = 0. 05, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi differs from the proportion of females preferring Pepsi. b) At [pic] = 0. 10, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi differs from the proportion of females preferring Pepsi. c) At [pic] = 0. 05, there is sufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi equals the proportion of females preferring Pepsi. ) At [pic] = 0. 08, there is insufficient evidence to indicate the proportion of males preferring Pepsi differs from the proportion of f emales preferring Pepsi. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-5 The following Excel output contains the results of a test to determine if the proportions of satisfied guests at two resorts are the same or different. |Hypothesized Difference |0 | |Level of Significance |0. 5 | |Group 1 | |Number of Successes |163 | |Sample Size |227 | |Group 2 | |Number of Successes |154 | |Sample Size |262 | |Group 1 Proportion |0. 18061674 | |Group 2 Proportion |0. 58778626 | |Difference in Two Proportions |0. 130275414 | |Average Proportion |0. 648261759 | |Test Statistic |3. 00875353 | |Two-Tailed Test | |Lower Critical Value |-1. 59961082 | |Upper Critical Value |1. 959961082 | |p-Value |0. 002623357 | 32. Referring to Table 12-5, allowing for 0. 75% probability of committing a Type I error, what are the decision and conclusion on testing whether there is any difference in the proportions of satisfied guest s in the two resorts? a.Do not reject the null hypothesis; there is enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. b. Do not reject the null hypothesis; there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. c. Reject the null hypothesis; there is enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. d.Reject the null hypothesis; there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is significant difference in the proportions of satisfied guests at the two resorts. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision, conclusion 33. Referring to Table 12-5, if you want to test the claim that â€Å"Resort 1 (Group 1) has a higher proportion of satisfied guests than Resort 2 (Group 2),† the p-value of the test will be a) 0. 00262. b) 0. 00262/2. c) 2*(0. 00262). d) 1-(0. 00262/2). ANSWER: bTYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 34. Referring to Table 12-5, if you want to test the claim that â€Å"Resort 1 (Group 1) has a lower proportion of satisfied guests than Resort 2 (Group 2),† you will use a) a t test for the difference in two proportions. b) a Z test for the difference in two proportions. c) a [pic] test for the difference in two proportions. d) a [pic] test for independence. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportionsTABLE 12-6 One criterion used to evaluate employees in the assembly section of a large factory is the number of defective pieces per 1,000 parts produced. The quality control department wants to find out whether there is a relationship between years of experience and defect rate. Since the job is repetitious, after the initial training period, any improvement due t o a learning effect might be offset by a loss of motivation. A defect rate is calculated for each worker in a yearly evaluation. The results for 100 workers are given in the table below. | |Years Since Training Period | | | |< 1 Year |1 – 4 Years |5 – 9 Years | | |High |6 |9 |9 | |Defect Rate: |Average |9 |19 |23 | | |Low |7 |8 |10 | 5. Referring to Table 12-6, which test would be used to properly analyze the data in this experiment to determine whether there is a relationship between defect rate and years of experience? a) [pic]test for independence in a two-way contingency table b) [pic]test for equal proportions in a one-way table c) ANOVA F test for main treatment effect d) Z test for the difference in two proportions ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence 36. Referring to Table 12-6, find the rejection region necessary for testing at the 0. 5 level of significance whether there is a relationship between defect rate and ye ars of experience. a) Reject H0 if [pic] > 16. 919. b) Reject H0 if [pic] > 15. 507. c) Reject H0 if [pic] > 11. 143. d) Reject H0 if [pic] > 9. 488. ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 37. Referring to Table 12-6, what is the expected number of employees with less than 1 year of training time and a high defect rate? a) 4. 17 b) 4. 60 c) 5. 28 d) 9. 17 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 8. Referring to Table 12-6, what is the expected number of employees with 1 to 4 years of training time and a high defect rate? a) 12. 00 b) 8. 64 c) 6. 67 d) 6. 00 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 39. Referring to Table 12-6, of the cell for 1 to 4 years of training time and a high defect rate, what is the contribution to the overall [pic] statistic for the independence test? a) 0. 36 b) 0. 1296 c) 0. 015 d) 0. 0144 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 0. Referring to Table 12-6, a test was conducted to determine if a relationship exists between defect rate and years of experience. Which of the following p-values would indicate that defect rate and years of experience are dependent? Assume you are testing at [pic] = 0. 05. a) 0. 045 b) 0. 055 c) 0. 074 d) 0. 080 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, p-value, decision TABLE 12-7 A corporation randomly selects 150 salespeople and finds that 66% who have never taken a self-improvement course would like to take such a course.The firm did a similar study 10 years ago in which 60% of a random sample of 160 salespeople wanted to take a self-improvement course. The groups are assumed to be independent random samples. Let p1 and p2 represent the true proportion of workers who would like to attend a self-impro vement course in the recent study and the past study, respectively. 41. Referring to Table 12-7, if the firm wanted to test whether this proportion has changed from the previous study, which represents the relevant hypotheses? a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 b) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0 ) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0 d) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions 42. Referring to Table 12-7, if the firm wanted to test whether a greater proportion of workers would currently like to attend a self-improvement course than in the past, which represents the relevant hypotheses? a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 b) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0 c) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0 ) H0 : p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 43. Referring to Table 12-7, what is the unbiased point estimate for the difference between the two population proportions? a) 0. 06 b) 0. 10 c) 0. 15 d) 0. 22 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: point estimate 44. Referring to Table 12-7, what is/are the critical value(s) when performing a Z test on whether population proportions are different if [pic] = 0. 05? a) [pic] 1. 645 b) [pic] 1. 96 c) -1. 96 d) [pic] 2. 8 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 45. Referring to Table 12-7, what is/are the critical value(s) when testing whether population proportions are different if [pic] = 0. 10? a) [pic] 1. 645 b) [pic] 1. 96 c) -1. 96 d) [pic] 2. 08 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 46. Referring to Table 12-7, what is/are the critical value(s) when testing whether the current population proportion is higher than before if [pic] = 0. 05? a) [pic]1. 645 b) + 1. 45 c) [pic]1. 96 d) + 1. 96 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 47. Referring to Table 12-7, what is the estimated standard error of the difference between the two sample proportions? a) 0. 629 b) 0. 500 c) 0. 055 d) 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, standard error 48. Referring to Table 12-7, what is the value of the test statistic to use in evaluating the alternative hypothesis that there is a difference in the two population proportions? ) 4. 335 b) 1. 96 c) 1. 093 d) 0 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 49. Referring to Table 12-7, the company tests at the 0. 05 level to determine whether the population proportion has changed from the previous study. Which of the following is most correct? a) Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has changed over the intervening 10 years. ) Do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has not changed over the intervening 10 years. c) Reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has increased over the intervening 10 years. d) Do not reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the proportion of employees who are interested in a self-improvement course has increased over the intervening 10 years. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision, conclusion 50. True or Fal se: In testing the difference between two proportions, we may use either a one-tailed chi-square test or two-tailed Z test. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, chi-square test for difference in proportions 51. True or False: The squared difference between the observed and theoretical frequencies should be large if there is no significant difference between the proportions.ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 52. True or False: A test for the difference between two proportions can be performed using the chi-square distribution. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 53. True or False: A test for whether one proportion is higher than the other can be performed using the chi-square distribution. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions 54.True or False: When using the [pic] tests for independence, one should be aware that expected frequencies that are too small will lead to too big a Type I error. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, properties, assumption 55. True or False: If we use the chi-square method of analysis to test for the difference between proportions, we must assume that there are at least 5 observed frequencies in each cell of the contingency table. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, properties, assumption 6. If we wish to determine whether there is evidence that the proportion of successes is higher in Group 1 than in Group 2, and the test statistic for Z = +2. 07, the p-value is equal to ______. ANSWER: 0. 0192 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value TABLE 12-8 The dean of a college is interested in the proportion of graduates from his college who have a job offer on graduation day. He is particularly interested in seeing if there is a difference in this proportion for accounting and economics majors.In a random sample of 100 of each type of major at graduation, he found that 65 accounting majors and 52 economics majors had job offers. If the accounting majors are designated as â€Å"Group 1† and the economics majors are designated as â€Å"Group 2,† perform the appropriate hypothesis test using a level of significance of 0. 05. 57. Referring to Table 12-8, the hypotheses the dean should use are: a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0. b) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0. c) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0. d) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0.ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 58. Referring to Table 12-8, the null hypot hesis will be rejected if the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: Z > 1. 96 or < -1. 96 or [pic] > 3. 841 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 59. Referring to Table 12-8, the value of the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: Z = 1. 866 or [pic] = 3. 4806 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 60. Referring to Table 12-8, the p-value of the test is ________. ANSWER: 0. 0621 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 61. True or False: Referring to Table 12-8, the null hypothesis should be rejected. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 62.True or False: Referring to Table 12-8, th e same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 01 rather than 0. 05. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 63. True or False: Referring to Table 12-8, the same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 10 rather than 0. 05. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Z test for difference in two proportions, decision TABLE 12-9A quality control engineer is in charge of the manufacture of computer disks. Two different processes can be used to manufacture the disks. He suspects that the Kohler method produces a greater proportion of defects than the Russell method. He samples 150 of the Kohler and 200 of the Russell disks and finds that 27 and 18 of them, respectively, are defective. If Kohler is designated as â€Å"Group 1† and Russell is designated as â€Å"Group 2,† perform the appropriate test at a level of significance of 0. 01. 64. Referring to Table 12-9, the hypotheses that should be tested are: a) H0: p1 – p2 = 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 [pic] 0. ) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 = 0. c) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 > 0. d) H0: p1 – p2 [pic] 0 versus H1: p1 – p2 < 0. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, form of hypothesis 65. Referring to Table 12-9, the null hypothesis will be rejected if the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: Z > 2. 33 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, critical value 66. Referring to Table 12-9, the value of the test statistic is ________. ANSWER: 2. 49 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, test statistic 67. Referring to Table 12-9, the p-value of the test is ________. ANSWER: 0. 0064 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, p-value 68. True or False: Referring to Table 12-9, the null hypothesis should be rejected. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 69. True or False: Referring to Table 12-9, the same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 05 rather than 0. 01. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: ModerateKEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision 70. True or False: Referring to Table 12-9, the same decision would be made if this had been a two-tailed test at a level of significance of 0. 01. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: Z test for difference in two proportions, decision TABLE 12-10 The director of transportation of a large company is interested in the usage of her van pool. She considers her routes to be divided into local and non-local. She is particularly intereste d in learning if there is a difference in the proportion of males and females who use the local routes.She takes a sample of a day's riders and finds the following: | |Male |Female |Total | |Local |27 |44 |71 | |Non-Local |33 |25 |58 | |Total |60 |69 |129 | She will use this information to perform a chi-square hypothesis test using a level of significance of 0. 05. 71. Referring to Table 12-10, the test will involve _________ degree(s) of freedom. ANSWER: 1TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 72. Referring to Table 12-10, the overall or average proportion of local riders is __________. ANSWER: 0. 550 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 73. Referring to Table 12-10, the expected cell frequency in the Male/Local cell is __________. ANSWER: 33. 02 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 74 . Referring to Table 12-10, the expected cell frequency in the Female/Non-Local cell is __________.ANSWER: 31. 02 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 75. Referring to Table 12-10, the critical value of the test is _________. ANSWER: 3. 841 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 76. Referring to Table 12-10, the value of the test statistic is _________. ANSWER: 4. 568 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 77. True or False: Referring to Table 12-10, the null hypothesis will be rejected.ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision 78. True or False: Referring to Table 12-10, the decision made suggests that there is a difference between the proportion of males and females who ride local versus non-local routes. ANSWER: Tru e TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Median KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion TABLE 12-11 Four surgical procedures are currently used to install pacemakers. If the patient does not need to return for follow-up surgery, the operation is called a â€Å"clear† operation.A heart center wants to compare the proportion of clear operations for the 4 procedures, and collects the following numbers of patients from their own records: | |Procedure | | | |A |B |C |D |Total | |Clear |27 |41 |21 |7 |96 | |Return |11 |15 |9 |11 |46 | |Total |38 |56 |30 |18 |142 They will use this information to test for a difference among the proportion of clear operations using a chi-square test with a level of significance of 0. 05. 79. Referring to Table 12-11, the test will involve _________ degrees of freedom. ANSWER: 3 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 80. Referring to Table 12-11, the overall or average proportion of clear operations is __________. ANSWER: 0. 676 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 81.Referring to Table 12-11, the expected cell frequency for the Procedure A/Clear cell is __________. ANSWER: 25. 69 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 82. Referring to Table 12-11, the expected cell frequency for the Procedure D/Return cell is __________. ANSWER: 5. 83 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, contingency table, properties 83. Referring to Table 12-11, the critical value of the test is ________. ANSWER: 7. 815 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: EasyKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 84. Referring to Table 12-11, the value of the test statistic is _________. ANSWER: 7. 867 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 85 . True or False: Referring to Table 12-11, the null hypothesis will be rejected. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision 86. True or False: Referring to Table 12-11, the decision made suggests that the 4 procedures all have different proportions of clear operations.ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion 87. True or False: Referring to Table 12-11, the decision made suggests that the 4 procedures do not all have the same proportion of clear operations. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion TABLE 12-12 The director of admissions at a state college is interested in seeing if admissions status (admitted, waiting list, denied admission) at his college is independent of the type of community in which an applicant resides.He takes a sample of recent admissions decisions and form s the following table: | |Admitted |Wait List |Denied |Total | |Urban |45 |21 |17 |83 | |Rural |33 |13 |24 |70 | |Suburban |34 |12 |39 |85 | |Total |112 |46 |80 |238 |He will use this table to do a chi-square test of independence with a level of significance of 0. 01. 88. Referring to Table 12-12, the test will involve _________ degrees of freedom. ANSWER: 4 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 89. Referring to Table 12-12, the critical value of the test is _________. ANSWER: 13. 277 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 90. Referring to Table 12-12, the expected cell frequency for the Admitted/Urban cell is _________. ANSWER: 39. 06TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 91. Referring to Table 12-12, the value of the test statistic is _________. ANSWER: 12. 624 TYPE: FI DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of indep endence, test statistic 92. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the null hypothesis will be rejected. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 93. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the p-value of this test is greater than 0. 01. ANSWER: TrueTYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, p-value 94. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the decision made suggests that admissions status at the college is independent of the type of community in which an applicant resides. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, conclusion 95. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the same decision would be made with this test if the level of significance had been 0. 005. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 6. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the same decision would be made with this test if the level o f significance had been 0. 05. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 97. True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the null hypothesis claims that â€Å"there is no association between admission status at the college and the type of community in which an applicant resides. † ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, form of hypothesis, conclusion 98.True or False: Referring to Table 12-12, the alternative hypothesis claims that â€Å"there is some connection between admission status at the college and the type of community in which an applicant resides. † ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, form of hypothesis, conclusion 99. True or False: The chi-square test of independence requires that the number of expected frequency in each cell to be at least 5. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, assumption 100.True or False: The chi-square test of independence requires that the number of expected frequency in each cell to be at least 1. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, assumption TABLE 12-13 Parents complain that children read too few story books and watch too much television nowadays. A survey of 1,000 children reveals the following information on average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books: | |Average time spent reading story books | |Average time pent watching TV |Less than 1 hour |Between 1 and 2 hours |More than 2 hours | |Less than 2 hours |90 |85 |130 | |More than 2 hours |655 |32 |8 | 101. Referring to Table 12-13, how many children in the survey spent less than 2 hours watching TV and more than 2 hours reading story books, on average? a) 8 b) 130 c) 175 d) 687 ANSWER: bTYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: contingency table, properties 102. Referring to Table 12-13, how many children in the survey spent less than 2 hours watching TV and no more than 2 hours reading story books, on average? a) 8 b) 130 c) 175 d) 687 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: contingency table, properties 103. Referring to Table 12-13, if the null hypothesis of no connection between time spent watching TV and time spent reading story books is true, how many children watching less than 2 hours of TV and reading no more than 2 hours of story books, on average, can we expect? ) 35. 69 b) 227. 23 c) 262. 91 d) 969. 75 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 104. Referring to Table 12-13, if the null hypothesis of no connection between time spent watching TV and time spent reading story books is true, how many children watching less than 2 hours of TV and reading more than 2 hours of story books, on average, can we expect? a) 42. 09 b) 155. 25 c) 262. 92 d) 987. 75 ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS : chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 105.Referring to Table 12-13, to test whether there is any relationship between average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books, the value of the measured test statistic is a) -12. 59. b) 1. 61. c) 481. 49. d) 1,368. 06. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 106. Referring to Table 12-13, suppose we want to constrain the probability of committing a Type I error to 5% when testing whether there is any relationship between average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books.The critical value will be a) 5. 991. b) 7. 378. c) 12. 592. d) 14. 449. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, critical value 107. Referring to Table 12-13, we want to test whether there is any relationship between average time spent watching TV and average time spent reading story books. Suppose the valu e of the test statistic was 164 (which is not the correct answer) and the critical value was 19. 00 (which is not the correct answer), then we could conclude that a) there is a connection between time spent reading story books and time spent watching TV. ) there is no connection between time spent reading story books and time spent watching TV. c) more time spent reading story books leads to less time spent watching TV. d) more time spent watching TV leads to less time spent reading story books. ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion TABLE 12-14 Recent studies have found that American children are more obese than in the past. The amount of time children spend watching television has received much of the blame.A survey of 100 ten-year-olds revealed the following with regards to weights and average number of hours a day spent watching television. We are interested in testing whether the average number of hours spent watc hing TV and weights are independent at 1% level of significance. |Weights |TV Hours |Total | | |0-3 |3-6 |6+ | | |More than 10 lbs. verweight |1 |9 |20 |30 | |Within 10 lbs. of normal weight |20 |15 |15 |50 | |More than 10 lbs. underweight |10 |5 |5 |20 | |Total |31 |29 |40 |100 | 108.Referring to Table 12-14, if there is no connection between weights and average number of hours spent watching TV, we should expect how many children to be spending 3-6 hours, on average, watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. underweight? a) 5 b) 5. 8 c) 6. 2 d) 8 ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 109. Referring to Table 12-14, if there is no connection between weights and average number of hours spent watching TV, we should expect how many children to be spending no more than 6 hours, on average, watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. nderweight? a) 5. 8 b) 6. 2 c) 8 d) 12 ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi- square test of independence, contingency table, properties 110. Referring to Table 12-14, how many children in the survey spend more than 6 hours watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. overweight? a) 1 b) 9 c) 20 d) 40 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 111. Referring to Table 12-14, how many children in the survey spend no more than 6 hours watching TV and are more than 10 lbs. underweight? a) 5 ) 10 c) 15 d) 20 ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, contingency table, properties 112. Referring to Table 12-14, the value of the test statistic is a) 8. 532. b) 15. 483. c) 18. 889. d) 69. 744. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, test statistic 113. Referring to Table 12-14, the critical value of the test will be a) 6. 635. b) 13. 277. c) 14. 860. d) 21. 666. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of indep endence, critical value 114.Referring to Table 12-14, suppose the value of the test statistic was 30. 00 (which is not the correct value) and the critical value at 1% level of significance was 10. 00 (which is not the correct value), which of the following conclusions would be correct? a) We will accept the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are independent. b) We will reject the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are independent. c) We will accept the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are not independent. ) We will reject the null and conclude that the average number of hours spent watching TV and weights are not independent. ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision, conclusion 115. Referring to Table 12-14, which of the following statements is correct? a) We can accept the null for any level of significance greater than 0. 005 b) We can reject the null for any level of significance greater than 0. 005. c) We can accept the null for any level of significance smaller than 0. 005 d) We can reject the null for any level of significance smaller than 0. 05. ANSWER: b TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, decision 116. Referring to Table 12-14, the degrees of freedom of the test statistic are a) 1. b) 2. c) 4. d) 9. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, degrees of freedom 117. True or False: Referring to Table 12-14, the test is always a one-tailed test. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test of independence, properties Table 12-15 According to an article in Marketing News, fewer checks are being written at grocery store checkout stands than in the past.To determine whether there is a difference in the proportion of shoppers who paid by check over three consecutive years at a 0 . 05 level of significance, the results of a survey of 500 shoppers during three consecutive years are obtained and presented below. | |Year | |Check Written |Year 1 |Year 2 |Year 3 | |Yes |225 |175 |125 | |No |275 |325 |375 | 118.Referring to Table 12-15, what is the expected number of shoppers who paid by check in year 1 if there was no difference in the proportion of shoppers who paid by check over the three years? ANSWER: 175 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 119. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the expected number of shoppers who did not pay by check in year 3 if there was no difference in the proportion of shoppers who paid by check over the three years? ANSWER: 325 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, properties 20. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the form of the null hypothesis? a) [pic] b) [pic] c) [pic] d) [pic] ANSWER: a TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-squ are test for difference in proportions, forms of hypothesis 121. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the form of the alternative hypothesis? a) [pic] b) [pic] c) [pic] d) [pic] not all [pic] are the same ANSWER: d TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, forms of hypothesis 122. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, the assumptions needed to perform the test are satisfied. ANSWER:True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, assumption 123. Referring to Table 12-15, what are the degrees of freedom of the test statistic? ANSWER: 2 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Easy KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, degrees of freedom 124. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the test statistic? ANSWER: 43. 96 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, test statistic 125. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the critical value? ANSWER: 5. 99 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: EasyKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, critical value 126. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the p-value of the test statistic? ANSWER: 2. 9E-10 or smaller than 0. 005 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, p-value 127. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, decision 128. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the correct conclusion? a) There is enough evidence that the proportions are all different in the 3 years. ) There is not enough evidence that the proportions are all different in the 3 years. c) There is enough evidence that at least two of the proportions are not equal. d) There is not enough evidence that at least two of the proportions are not equal. ANSWER: c TYPE: MC DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, conclusion 129. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the critical range for the Marascuilo procedure to test for the difference in proportions between year 1 and year 2 using a 0. 05 level of significance? ANSWER: 0. 0754 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: DifficultKEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, critical value 130. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the critical range for the Marascuilo procedure to test for the difference in proportions between year 1 and year 3 using a 0. 05 level of significance? ANSWER: 0. 0722 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, critical range 131. Referring to Table 12-15, what is the value of the critical range for the Marascuilo procedure to test for the difference in proportions between year 2 and year 3 using a 0. 5 level of significance? ANSWER: 0. 0705 TYPE: PR DIFFICULTY: Difficult KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportion s, Marascuilo procedure, critical value 132. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions between year 1 and year 2 are different at a 0. 05 level of significance. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, decision, conclusion 133.True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, there is not sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions between year 1 and year 3 are different at a 0. 05 level of significance. ANSWER: False TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, decision, conclusion 134. True or False: Referring to Table 12-15, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the proportions between year 2 and year 3 are different at a 0. 05 level of significance. ANSWER: True TYPE: TF DIFFICULTY: Moderate KEYWORDS: chi-square test for difference in proportions, Marascuilo procedure, decision conclusion