Anti-terror laws in India

Anti-terror laws in India History of anti-terror laws in India Terrorism has immensely affected India. The reasons for terrorism in India may vary vastly from religious to geographical to caste to history. The Indian Supreme Court took a note of it in Kartar Singh v. State of Punjab[1], where it observed that the country has been in the firm grip of spiraling terrorist violence and is caught between deadly pangs of disruptive activities. Apart from many skirmishes in various parts of the country, there were countless serious and horrendous events engulfing many cities with blood-bath, firing, looting, mad killing even without sparing women and children and reducing those areas into a graveyard, which brutal atrocities have rocked and shocked the whole nation Deplorably, determined youths lured by hard-core criminals and underground extremists and attracted by the ideology of terrorism are indulging in committing serious crimes against the humanity. Anti-terrorism laws in India have always been a subject of m uch controversy. One of the arguments is that these laws stand in the way of fundamental rights of citizens guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution. The anti-terrorist laws have been enacted before by the legislature and upheld by the judiciary though not without reluctance. The intention was to enact these statutes and bring them in force till the situation improves. The intention was not to make these drastic measures a permanent feature of law of the land. But because of continuing terrorist activities, the statutes have been reintroduced with requisite modifications. At present, the legislations in force to check terrorism in India are the National Security Act, 1980 and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. There have been other anti-terrorism laws in force in this country a different points in time. The first law made in independent India to deal with terrorism and terrorist activities that came into force on 30 Dec 1967 was The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Ac t 1967. After the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center, the world’s outlook towards the terrorist and terrorist organization has changed the laws have become much more stringent to curb such activities. The Indian outlook also changed specially after the 13 December attack on the Indian parliament which is seen as a symbol of our democracy then it became necessary to enforce a law which would be more stringent so that the terrorist cannot go Scot free because after the lapse of TADA in 1995 following the wide spread complaint that it was being abused there was no law which could be used as a weapon against the rising terrorist activities in India. Prevention Of Terrorist Activities Act, 2002 In 2002 March session of the Indian parliament the Prevention Of Terrorist Activities (POTA) Act was introduced and it had widespread opposition not even in the Indian parliament but throughout India especially with the human rights organization because they thought that the act violate d most of the fundamental rights provided in the Indian constitution. The protagonists of the Act have, however, hailed the legislation on the ground that it has been effective in ensuring the speedy trial of those accused of indulging in or abetting terrorism. POTA is useful in stemming â€Å"state-sponsored cross-border terrorism†, as envisaged by the Home Minister L.K. Advani. The Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA), was seen as a controversial piece of legislation ever since it was conceived as a weapon against terrorism. Human rights groups as well as opposition parties have expressed strong reservations against the move, which they say violates citizens’ fundamental rights.

Law Case Study Question Analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Law Question Analysis - Case Study Example The English contract law provides that the advertiser of good or products for sale through a newspaper is under duty to scrutinize the offers that have been tendered by the interested parties, if such offers are made before the expiry of the deadline that has been set by the advertisement, and without any variation in the offers . In this respect, Arthur is under duty to scrutinize the letter of offer that was submitted by Rodney, failure to which he is liable for having breached the terms of the contract. This is because, after reading the advertisement on the newspaper, Rodney sent the necessary letter of offer and the required amount, and they were received by Arthur at 9:50 am Monday as required by the advertisement. Arthur cannot sell the car to Thelma and he is not under any legal obligation to fulfill the contract with her. This is because, when Thelma saw the advertisement, she tendered a counter offer by submitting a cheque of cheque for  £7,250, as opposed to the cheque f or  £7,500 that was required by the advertisement. This simply amounts to a counter offer under the English contract law, where an individual issues an offer that is different and that is varying the actual terms that were in the original contract notification . The English contract law provides that under the situation of a counter offer, the contract terms have been varied, and thus the individual asking for the offers from the interested parties cannot be legally bound to accept that offer.

The Most Significant Moment of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Most Significant Moment of Life - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that the true essence of our life is exhibited through the little moments of joy or sorrow that are dear to us and are close to our hearts. These moments may be seemingly minor and trivial but become the most treasured and meaningful memories. These noteworthy moments adorn our past for our lifetime and have an evergreen effect on our future. Not just joyous incidents, some heart-wrenching episodes affecting our dear ones or our surroundings can also remain etched in our memories. Such incidents serve as reminders of the realities of life and the ups and downs it encompasses. On the other hand, the beautiful and worthwhile episodes shared with our family, favorite pets, colleagues, and friends prove to us every day the worthiness of life. These precious memories give us the necessary boost we need when we are drowned in the daily chaos and obligations. The researcher’s Granddad possessed a very full of life and admirable personality. The author enjoyed the most when she used to spend her time at her grandparent's house. Every single moment the researcher spent with her granddad was filled with affection and a feeling of warmth. Even now when she thinks of even the most inconsequential episodes she spent with her granddad, the author is reminded of his honesty and kindness that reflected her personality. Childhood is a part of your life where the tiniest of gestures have a deep impact on one’s personality. The researcher’s granddad showed the importance of family, the significance of kindness and gave her the confidence that is needed to become a self-assured young girl that she is today. The author always worshipped his lively personality, the way he laughed and made jokes with his companions. His authoritarian personality with the spirit of kindness and love that, he had in abundance, especially for the researcher. Her granddad always took special care of her and the author used to accompany him most of the time. One particular incident has left a deep impact on the author’s mind and she still finds that she related to it some way or another. During one particular summer vacations, when the author was in 6th standard she went to her granddad's house as a part of her usual annual routine. As usual, the author spent the bright lively summer days in her grandparent’s house cherishing each and every moment. Summer vacations were a time which she used to wait for eagerly. It was an occasion when the researcher got the chance to spend time with one person who made her feel special through his affectionate soul and kind gestures. Granddad brought home a little, frail puppy that looked scared and homeless. Its innocent round eyes stared at the author with fear in them. Granddad had found him on his way home in a deserted street without its mother. The researcher was amazed and quite amused by this little creature. The puppy was just like a little baby; small, fragile and completely dependent on others. Granddad gave the puppy to the author and told her to take special care of the little creature. That day he taught the researcher a lesson that she followed the rest of her life. It was something that was obvious from his way of life and his personality. He taught her love and affection for family. He told her that if today the author takes care of the little, defenseless creature, it will grow up tomorrow and return her the kindness and affection she showed to it.  

Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto and Its Impact on Society Essay

Karl Marx's The Communist Manifesto and Its Impact on Society According to the humanities based themes, autonomy and responsibility are defined as â€Å"the individual person has the ability to make choices; with those choices comes a responsibility for the consequences of those choices.† [i] This can be related to the Communist Manifesto, which was written by Karl Marx in the 1800’s. Even deeper though, it correlates the class struggles that were apparent in Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Marx knew there was a division of classes; the bourgeoisie was the wealthy upper class and they proletariats were the lower working classes of Europe. This is where the theme of autonomy and responsibility steps in and plays a role in the changes that were made in society. The proletariats recognized that they were treated unfairly, which led them to the decision of stepping up and taking a stand. Through the Communist Manifesto, they took responsibility and attained the equality they felt they deserved. The problem with society during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was the equality of all persons was few and far between. The bourgeoisie was in control of all the power and the proletariats were basically under their control. It was as if the bourgeoisie â€Å"originated out of the old medieval peasant class, in opposition to the medieval titled aristocracy.† [ii] They had taken over everything; the oppressed class lived by their rules and ways of life. Their way of life was not a happy one; family was based upon money instead of love. â€Å"Capital developed in the same proportion as the class of laborers developed.† ii Life then seemed simple for those living the life of the bourgeoisie, b... ...http://www.as.udayton.edu/hbase/themes.htm > (10 Mar 2002). [ii] Marx, Karl. â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party. I. Bourgeois and Proletarians.† 4 May 2002. (10 Mar 2002). [iii] Elizondo, Sonny. â€Å"Classic Note on Communist Manifesto.† 17 July 2000. (10 Mar 2002). [iv] Elizondo, Sonny. â€Å"Classic Note on Communist Manifesto.† 17 July 2000. (10 Mar 2002). Other links: http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~socappeal/150years/ http://www.classicnote.com/ClassicNotes/sources/communist.html http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~brians/hum_303/manifesto.html

Examples of Computer Pheripherals Essay

A computer peripheral is defined as an auxiliary device, such as a printer, modem, or storage system, that works in conjunction with a computer.† Computer peripherals allow computers to accomplish several tasks at once, such as downloading software updates while simultaneously printing a document. Thousands of computer peripherals have been produced over the years; however, each computer peripheral’s primary function falls into one of several categories. Input Peripherals Computer systems are capable of handling thousands of calculations per second. However, in order for a computer to have something to process, the computer must receive instructions from an input device. Some examples of input peripheral devices are keyboards, computer mice, touchscreens, and bar-code readers. Output Peripherals Once a computer has processed information, the information must be sent to an output device. Some examples of output devices are computer monitors, printers, plotters, and computer speakers. Communication Peripherals Computers are capable of communicating with each other, and with other devices (such as PDAs and cell phones). In order to communicate with these devices, a computer must have a compatible communication peripheral to transmit and receive data. Some examples of communication peripherals are computer modems, network adapters, infrared adapter ports, and wireless (radio frequency) adapters. Data Storage Peripherals A computer requires space to store files, programs, and other data. Besides the internal hard disk drive, storage peripherals also provide places for the computer to store data to and access data from. Some examples of data storage peripherals are external CD-ROM drives, flash memory drives, tape drives, and network-attached storage (NAS) drives

The Role of Computers in Modern Life

The Role of Computers in Modern Life The fact that computers have considerably changed the lives of human beings can hardly be denied. These days the majority of us cannot imagine our lives without them. Computers make peoples lives easier and more comfortable: they provide opportunities for staying in touch to billions of people who may very well be in different parts of the world. Today people can drive computerized cars and work for employers from other countries without even seeing them. There also exists an idea that computer is an electronic brain that people can rely on. Yes, I agree that computers are crucial elements to business people and those who need them for work, for study and for entertainment, but what do you think about young school-age boys and girls using computers? Personally, I believe that their access to computer and the Internet should be limited. I have no objections if they play various games or chat with their friends online from time to time. Yet it often happens so that children start to search for homework solutions on the Internet what becomes a bad habit. Instead of trying to deal with the assignment using their knowledge or information from textbooks, they prefer to use the solutions found online. This certainly has negative influence on their progress in school. Computers also affect the health of young people. First of all, those who spend a lot of time in front of the screens of their computers suffer from the lack of physical activity. These children often have scoliosis and eye problems like glaucoma.

What Was the Great Vowel Shift

The Great Vowel Shift was a series of systemic changes in the pronunciation of English vowels that occurred in southern England during the late Middle English period (roughly the period from Chaucer to Shakespeare). According to linguist Otto Jespersen, who coined the term, The great vowel shift consists in a general raising of all long vowels (A Modern English Grammar, 1909).  In  phonetic  terms, the GVS involved the raising and fronting of the long, stressed monophthongs.   Other  linguists have challenged this traditional view.  Gjertrud Flermoen Stenbrenden, for example, argues that the concept of a GVS as a unitary event is illusory, that the changes started earlier than has been assumed, and that the changes . . . took longer to be completed than most handbooks claim (Long-Vowel Shifts in English, c. 1050-1700, 2016).   In any event, the Great Vowel Shift had a profound effect on English pronunciation and spelling, leading to many changes in the correspondences between vowel letters and vowel phonemes.   Examples and Observations By the early Modern English period . . . all the long vowels had shifted: Middle English Ä“, as in sweete sweet, had already acquired the value [i] that it currently has, and the others were well on their way to acquiring the values that they have in current English. . . .These changes in the quality of the long, or tense, vowels constitute what is known as the Great Vowel Shift. . . .The stages by which the shift occurred and the cause of it are unknown. There are several theories, but the evidence is ambiguous.(John Algeo and Thomas Pyles, The Origins and Development of the English Language, 5th ed. Thomson Wadsworth, 2005) The evidence of spellings, rhymes, and commentaries by contemporary language pundits suggest that [the Great Vowel Shift] operated in more than one stage, affected vowels at different rates in different parts of the country, and took over 200 years to complete.(David Crystal, The Stories of English. Overlook, 2004) Prior to the GVS, which took place over around 200 years, Chaucer rhymed food, good and blood (sounding similar to goad). With Shakespeare, after the GVS, the three words still rhymed, although by that time all of them rhymed with food. More recently, good and blood have independently shifted their pronunciations again.(Richard Watson Todd, Much Ado About English: Up and Down the Bizarre Byways of a Fascinating Language. Nicholas Brealey, 2006) The standardization described by the GVS may simply have been the social fixation upon one variant among several dialectical options available in each case, a variant selected for reasons of community preference or by the external force of printing standardization and not as a result of a wholesale phonetic shift.(M. Giancarlo, quoted by Seth Lerer in Inventing English. Columbia University Press, 2007) The Great Vowel Shift and English Spelling One of the primary reasons that this vowel shift has become known as the Great Vowel Shift is that it profoundly affected English phonology, and these changes coincided with the introduction of the printing press: William Caxton brought the first mechanized printing press to England in 1476. Prior to mechanized printing, words in the handwritten texts had been spelled pretty much, however, each particular scribe wanted to spell them, according to the scribes own dialect. Even after the printing press, however, most printers used the spellings that had begun to be established, not realizing the significance of the vowel changes that were underway. By the time the vowel shifts were complete in the early 1600s, hundreds of books had been printed that used a spelling system that reflected the pre-Great Vowel Shift pronunciation. So the word goose, for example, had two os to indicate a long /o/ sound, /o:/--a good phonetic spelling of the word. However, the vowel had shifted to /u/; thus goose, moose, food, and other similar words that we now spell with oo had mismatched spelling and pronunciation. Why didnt printers just change the spelling to match the pronunciation? Because by this time, the new increased volume of book production, combined with increasing literacy, resulted in a powerful force against spelling change.(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction. Wadsworth, 2010) Scots Dialects Older Scots dialects were only partially  affected by the Great Vowel Shift that revolutionized English pronunciation in the sixteenth century. Where English accents replaced the long uu vowel in words like house  with a diphthong (the two separate vowels heard in the southern English pronunciation of house), this change did not happen in Scots. Consequently, modern Scots dialects have preserved the Middle English uu in words like how and now; think of the Scots cartoon The Broons (The Browns). (Simon Horobin,  How English Became English. Oxford University Press, 2016)